Development Aid and Indexes Overview

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Questions and Answers

What marked the emergence of technical assistance as a foreign policy objective?

Harry S. Truman’s 'point IV' (correct)

The establishment of the OECD

The Declaration of the Millennium

The end of the Cold War

What percentage of their gross domestic product did developed countries commit to contributing for development aid by 1970?

1.0%

1.5%

0.7% (correct)

0.5%

Which political entity introduced conditionality politics in the 1980s?

World Bank

International Monetary Fund (correct)

The United Nations

OECD

Which of the following is considered an essential factor of modernization according to the liberal economic development theory?

Free market economy Signup and view all the answers

Which index was modified to include considerations of gender inequality?

Human Development Index Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant indicator that should accompany GDP to assess societal well-being?

Health and education indicators Signup and view all the answers

Why is the majority of countries opposed to those at the periphery?

They benefit from unequal resource distribution. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the world many Marxist theorists analyze?

Significant living inequalities Signup and view all the answers

What is structural violence primarily associated with?

The exploitation of human potential Signup and view all the answers

According to world system theory, which group is considered essential for the smooth operation of the capitalist world-economy?

Semi-periphery countries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines positive peace?

The absence of structural violence Signup and view all the answers

What typically prevents peripheral countries from forming effective alliances?

Interest divergences among them Signup and view all the answers

According to the capitalist world economy model, how are nations categorized?

Into core, semi-periphery, and periphery Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason that supports the stability of world systems?

Ideological commitments by elite groups Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Neo-Marxism, which factor is a significant driver of conflicts in international relations?

The profit race Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'semi-periphery' refer to?

Nations actively seeking to increase their core status Signup and view all the answers

Which theory argues that the periphery must completely exit the system to grow?

Dependence Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of Immanuel Wallerstein's world system theory?

The socio-economic relationships among nations Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason countries do not oppose unfavorable international rules?

Fear of retaliation from powerful states Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective suggests a complete overhaul of the global system through revolution?

Marxism Signup and view all the answers

What did Lenin identify as the hallmark of imperialism?

The highest stage of capitalism Signup and view all the answers

How did Karl Marx view the relationship between politics and the economy?

Politics is shaped by economic conditions Signup and view all the answers

What event marked significant changes in the international system during the 20th century?

The creation of the United Nations Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted consequence of the decolonization wave of the 1960s?

Emergence of non-aligned countries Signup and view all the answers

What does Marxism propose regarding the future of capitalism?

It will eventually be replaced by socialism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key tenet of Marxist theories in international relations?

Emphasis on social classes as primary actors Signup and view all the answers

What defined the international relations landscape after WWII?

A bipolar world focused on US and USSR influences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a reason why Marxist theories were initially dismissed in International Relations?

Perceived normative and biased nature Signup and view all the answers

What did the anti-colonial sentiment of the US and USSR stem from during the Cold War?

Competition for ideological dominance Signup and view all the answers

Which position maintains that foreign policy mainly serves the interests of a dominant class?

Marxism Signup and view all the answers

What key concept does Marxism criticize in the context of international relations?

The capitalist world system Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the colonial empires' loss of power?

Opportunities for independence movements Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant role of the Non-Aligned Movement during its first three decades?

Advancing the interests of developing countries. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Dependency theory by Cardoso and Faletto suggest about Latin American countries?

They are still economically dependent despite formal independence. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept implies that peripheral countries cannot industrialize due to their economic dependencies?

Core-periphery theory. Signup and view all the answers

What does Samir Amin argue about the international economic system?

It maintains a structure that favors core countries and disadvantages periphery countries. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of structural imperialism as proposed by John Galtung?

It suggests that core countries exploit their own internal peripheries. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of neo-Marxist interpretations in international relations?

The economic situation of newly independent countries. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'delinking' propose as a solution for underdevelopment?

Disengaging from the world economy to focus on local development. Signup and view all the answers

What criteria distinguish the core from the periphery in the context of world systems theory?

Technological advancement and economic power. Signup and view all the answers

Which period marked the official emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement?

The Bandung Conference. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'unequal exchange' refer to in the context of the core-periphery relationship?

Core countries processing raw materials into valuable products. Signup and view all the answers

What criticism does modernization theory face regarding its approach to development?

It assumes all countries can develop similarly to the West. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Non-Aligned Movement is true?

It provided a platform for newly independent states to assert their interests. Signup and view all the answers

According to neo-Marxists, what is a major consequence of structural dependence on global trade?

Continued economic underdevelopment in peripheral areas. Signup and view all the answers

What idea underlies the argument of class struggle in the context of structuralism?

The elite exploit both domestic and international peripheries. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Development Aid and Development Indexes

Development aid was rare before WWII, primarily linked to strategic interests.
Post WWII, aid intensified, with Truman's Point IV program emphasizing technical assistance.
The OECD's development aid committee was established in 1960.
Developed nations agreed in 1970 to contribute 0.7% of their GDP to aid, but this target was rarely met.
The 1980s saw conditionality from the IMF, and classical aid decreased post-Cold War with the rise of liberal values.
The 2000s saw the Millennium Declaration and goals, aiming to halve extreme poverty by 2015.

Liberal Economic Development Theory

Traditional societies transition to modern ones through modernization.
Key factors include a market economy free from political control, rising investment, and foreign direct investment.
GDP alone isn't sufficient to measure societal well-being; health and education indicators are crucial.
Human Development Index (HDI) has been modified, including the Gender Inequality Index.

Inequalities and Marxism

Global inequalities exist in access to resources like education, water, and food.
A system where a few rich control resources and set the rules for others creates disparities.
Periphery countries often resist the established system due to economic limitations, military fears, and internalized inferiority perceptions.
Marxist theory advocates for revolutionary abolition of this system.
Other scholars suggest semi-periphery countries aim for core status.

Marxism and International Relations

Marxist theories were initially viewed as biased and politically motivated.
Following decolonization and the end of the Cold War, Marxism resurfaced as a framework for analyzing capitalism's contradictions.

Marxism vs. International Relations (Post-WWII)

During the bipolar world, Western-centric disciplines didn't prioritize Marxism.
Neo-Marxism was sometimes used to justify Soviet foreign policy.
Marxism's focus on economic structures differed from IR's concern for peace and security.

Neo-Marxist Approaches

Neo-Marxist approaches analyze the circumstances of newly independent nations in the global system and their dependence.
Theories are inspired by economic structures.

Dependency School

Cardoso and Faletto criticized the idea of economic growth as modernization in Latin America.
Structural dependency, where economic structures prevent development, was a key concept.
These structures are enforced by countries benefiting from the dependence.

Structuralism

Galtung's structural imperialism extended dependency theory.
A core-periphery exists within countries and globally.
Class struggle within countries is also vital.
The competition between countries' peripheries preserves the system.

World System Theory

Wallerstein introduced the concept of the capitalist world economy.
It distinguishes between core, periphery, and semi-periphery countries. These semi-peripheral states are often exploited and then exploiter – this is often the mechanism that maintains the system.
The system is hierarchical economically and anarchic politically, but the economic hierarchy fosters the system´s stability.
Factors maintaining system stability include military concentrations and ideological commitments.
Stability is further ensured by the seduction of aspiration to enter the "core" status.

Imperialism (Lenin): The final stage of capitalism.
Dependence theory (Cardoso, Amin): Economic dependence of less powerful countries on more powerful ones.
World-system/world-economy (Wallerstein, Galtung): Understanding the global economic structures.

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Description

Explore the evolution of development aid from pre-WWII to the 2000s, highlighting key programs like Truman's Point IV and the role of the OECD. This quiz also covers the Liberal Economic Development Theory and the importance of indicators beyond GDP in measuring societal well-being.