Depressive Disorders: Causes and Treatments
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of rats in the escapable shock group rejected tumors?

  • 45%
  • 54%
  • 63% (correct)
  • 27%

    • According to the hopelessness theory, which of the following is NOT one of the negative inferential tendencies?

  • Infer positive consequences from the event (correct)
  • Infer negative consequences from the event
  • Infer stable and global causes
  • Infer negative self-characteristics

    • What is the primary distinction made in response style theory regarding rumination?

  • Emotion vs. cognition
  • Pessimism vs. optimism
  • Brooding vs. reflection (correct)
  • Action vs. inaction

    • Which of the following is NOT part of Aaron Beck's negative cognitive triad?

    <p>Past experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive error involves exaggerating the significance of negative events?

    <p>Magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the interpersonal theory of depression as described by James Coyne?

    <p>Excessive reassurance seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a common interpersonal stressor associated with depression?

    <p>Grief and interpersonal loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cognitive treatments for depression, what is a primary method used to address negative thoughts?

    <p>Identify and record automatic thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Lewinsohn’s behavioral theory of depression propose as a cause of depression?

    <p>Stress reduces rewards and increases punishments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the pessimistic cognitive style, how is misfortune interpreted?

    <p>As stable, global, and personal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between pessimism and academic performance, based on the study of psychology undergraduates during exams?

    <p>Pessimism is associated with feelings of depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an aspect of the learned helplessness theory of depression?

    <p>Experiencing uncontrollable negative events can result in depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an optimistic cognitive style as indicated in studies?

    <p>Optimists outperform pessimists in various activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does behavioral activation aim to achieve in the treatment of depression?

    <p>Enhancing engagement in rewarding activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does attributional style relate to the experience of depression, according to the reformulated learned helplessness theory?

    <p>Causal attributions affect mental health and well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might most people not experience learned helplessness according to the studies referenced?

    <p>They possess resilience and coping strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is primarily associated with the HPA axis's response to stress in major depression?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is associated with memory and fear-related learning and is often observed to have reduced size and activity in major depression?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is noted as potentially involved in the biological causes of major depression?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a dysfunction associated with the immune system in individuals with major depression?

    <p>Increased cytokines production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific brain region is noted to have overactivity and is associated with negative emotions and rumination in major depression?

    <p>Brodmann Area 25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor noted in the sociocultural causes of major depression?

    <p>Power dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a hormonal change linked to women's mental health and major depression during puberty?

    <p>Increase in reported depression symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive aspect is NOT typically associated with the causes of major depression?

    <p>Social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated prevalence of bipolar disorder in the general population?

    <p>1-2.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medication is NOT commonly used to treat bipolar disorder?

    <p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain structural change is associated with lithium treatment for bipolar disorder?

    <p>Increase in hippocampus size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter irregularity is NOT typically associated with bipolar disorder?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play in treating bipolar disorder?

    <p>It helps prevent cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Bipolar Disorder I from Bipolar Disorder II?

    <p>Bipolar Disorder I includes manic episodes, often with depressive symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a required symptom for diagnosing a manic episode?

    <p>Forgetfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Cyclothymia?

    <p>Hypomanic symptoms alongside depressive symptoms that do not meet major depression criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following emotional symptoms is commonly associated with a manic episode?

    <p>Irritable or elevated mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration for mood elevation required for a manic episode diagnosis?

    <p>1 week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a manic episode, which cognitive symptom might a person experience?

    <p>Racing thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment mentioned is often used for managing bipolar disorder symptoms?

    <p>Lithium medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must depressive symptoms last to be considered in the context of Bipolar Disorder II?

    <p>At least 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT commonly associated with binge-eating disorder?

    <p>Compensatory behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic of anorexia nervosa compared to bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Refusal to maintain a healthy body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the prevalence of eating disorders among different gender identities?

    <p>Higher prevalence among women than men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by intense fear of gaining weight and a significantly low body weight?

    <p>Anorexia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is commonly misunderstood about anorexia nervosa?

    <p>It is primarily a lifestyle choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical description of bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Lack of concern about body shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of eating disorders, what does amenorrhea refer to?

    <p>Absence of menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes other specified feeding or eating disorders?

    <p>It includes a variety of partial-syndrome disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological factor is associated with overvaluing appearance as a contributor to eating disorders?

    <p>Cognitive distortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach focuses on correcting dangerous eating patterns for individuals with anorexia?

    <p>Nutritional rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common genetic factor associated with anorexia nervosa as indicated by twin studies?

    <p>MZ twins have a 70% concordance rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional consequence of self-objectification is particularly highlighted for women?

    <p>Increased shame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with eating disorders and is noted for its potential irregularities?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant influence of patriarchy on eating disorders?

    <p>Encouraging gender-role stereotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-objectification theory suggest about women's perception of themselves?

    <p>They evaluate themselves primarily based on their appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Stice et al., which factor is NOT a mediator in the correlation between media exposure and eating disorder symptoms?

    <p>Parental support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible effect of self-objectification on women's mental resources?

    <p>Reduced mental resources for other tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eating disorder is characterized by the consumption of large amounts of food followed by compensatory behaviors?

    <p>Bulimia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What societal factor is highlighted as contributing to eating disorders through consumerism?

    <p>Prioritization of physical appearance over well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of eating disorder listed in DSM-5-TR?

    <p>Food addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome of the media's portrayal of women in advertising, according to Jean Kilbourne?

    <p>Heightened body dissatisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is characterized by excessive emotionality and a strong need for attention?

    <p>Histrionic Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by indifference to social relationships?

    <p>Schizoid Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of thinking is often associated with Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

    <p>Magical thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

    <p>Grandiose self-importance and lack of empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with Paranoid Personality Disorder?

    <p>Indifference to social relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of behavior is commonly observed in Antisocial Personality Disorder?

    <p>Disregard for social rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is often noted in individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder?

    <p>Instability of identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is characterized by an intense need for approval and support from others?

    <p>Dependent Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Avoidant Personality Disorder?

    <p>Fear of criticism and rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Dependent Personality Disorder typically manifest in individuals?

    <p>Need for continuous reassurance and advice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is NOT typically associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?

    <p>High tolerance for ambiguity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may indicate a concern for those with Avoidant Personality Disorder in intimate relationships?

    <p>Fear of criticism within relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic describes the personality structure of someone with Antisocial Personality Disorder?

    <p>Impulsivity and disregard for others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the diagnostic criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?

    <p>Inflexible adherence to rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Dependent Personality Disorder most effectively distinguished from other disorders?

    <p>Fear of abandonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the fundamental focus of the DSM-5-TR Alternative Model for personality disorders?

    <p>Pathological traits and relational impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive behavioral methods are used to manage ADHD symptoms?

    <p>Reinforce attention and extinguish impulsive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best predictor of outcomes in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

    <p>IQ and speech development before age 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder is accurate?

    <p>Genetics play a significant role in the development of autism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is commonly associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

    <p>Impairments in social communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of play was questioned in the context of childhood development?

    <p>Are we intolerant of childhood playfulness?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment mentioned is commonly utilized for ADHD management?

    <p>Cognitive-Behavioral training programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How prevalent is intellectual disability in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

    <p>It occurs in at least 50% of cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes multiple types of Autism Spectrum Disorder within the DSM-IV framework?

    <p>Different patterns of behavior and interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the prevalence of ADHD is accurate?

    <p>Approximately 70% of children diagnosed with ADHD are boys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of ADHD symptoms in children?

    <p>Impulsivity is a common feature of ADHD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT associated as a problem linked to ADHD?

    <p>Increased academic achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed subtype of ADHD according to an alternative perspective?

    <p>ADHD - Aggressive type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT considered a cause of ADHD?

    <p>Extended exposure to high carbohydrate foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medication types is commonly used to treat ADHD?

    <p>Stimulants such as Ritalin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does impulsivity relate to the understanding of ADHD?

    <p>It is often viewed as a central symptom of ADHD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage range indicating how many children diagnosed with ADHD might continue to exhibit symptoms into adulthood?

    <p>50-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key symptom is associated with the disordered thought process in schizophrenia as defined by Eugen Bleuler?

    <p>Loosening of associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a first-rank symptom of schizophrenia according to Kurt Schneider?

    <p>Delayed response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to DSM-5-TR criteria, how many months of impaired functioning are required for a schizophrenia diagnosis?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'démence précoce' historically refer to in relation to schizophrenia?

    <p>Early onset and quick progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is commonly associated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

    <p>Restricted affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a traditionally observed average age of onset for males diagnosed with schizophrenia?

    <p>23 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis raises the question of whether low social class leads to or results from schizophrenia?

    <p>Breeder hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is considered a 'negative symptom' according to the criteria for schizophrenia?

    <p>Avolition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is most likely to reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Antipsychotic medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major neurological side effect is commonly associated with the use of phenothiazine antipsychotic medications?

    <p>Tardive dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach is aimed at addressing neurocognitive deficits in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Cognitive remediation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is identified as a way to improve functional outcomes for patients with schizophrenia?

    <p>Social skills training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is considered a second-generation antipsychotic?

    <p>Clozaril</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of schizophrenia treatment does cognitive-behavioral therapy particularly address?

    <p>Both positive and negative symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common treatment for schizophrenia in the past that is not considered valid today?

    <p>Insulin coma therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an important goal when treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Improving interpersonal connectedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with schizophrenia show deficits in at least one neurocognitive domain?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used to assess vigilance and sustained attention in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Continuous Performance Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychosocial factor is NOT associated with schizophrenia according to the content?

    <p>Schizophrenogenic mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In outpatient studies, what is the percentage of individuals with schizophrenia who have at least two neurocognitive deficits?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive problem is associated with overwhelming information and strange perceptual experiences in schizophrenia?

    <p>Reasoning biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor in determining the genetic risk of schizophrenia?

    <p>Twins share a risk of 46% for schizophrenia if one has it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes in brain structures are typically associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Small prefrontal cortex associated with cognitive deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of long-term use of antipsychotic medications?

    <p>Long-term brain changes that may worsen symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with schizophrenia reportedly experienced perinatal hypoxia?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is noted for having low activity levels associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT considered a causal element of schizophrenia?

    <p>Intensive social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect does amphetamines have on dopamine in relation to schizophrenia?

    <p>Increases dopamine function leading to stronger symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factor is suggested to have a significant influence on the timing of births of individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Reduced sunlight exposure during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a consequence of disrupted neural connectivity in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Neurocognitive deficits leading to misinterpretations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which developmental period do neurons migrate to their correct positions in a typical scenario?

    <p>Second trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted effect on the brains of offspring when pregnant rats are deprived of UV light?

    <p>Enlarged ventricles and less nerve growth factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is observed regarding the timing of schizophrenia symptoms in relation to early neurodevelopmental issues?

    <p>Symptoms appear later despite earlier neural problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive pruning of dendrites in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia can lead to which outcome?

    <p>Diminished neural density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical anomalies may be observed in children that indicate problems in early neurodevelopment linked to schizophrenia?

    <p>Minor physical anomalies such as abnormal fingerprints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant predictor of the incidence of schizophrenia births in Brazil?

    <p>Rainfall patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Depressive Disorders: Psychological Causes and Treatments

    • Key questions to consider about depression include: Why do more recent generations experience more depression? And why are women twice as likely as men to experience depression?

    Causes of Major Depression: Behavioral

    • Lewinsohn's behavioral theory proposes stress reducing rewards and increasing punishments, leading to withdrawal.
    • Seligman's learned helplessness theory suggests uncontrollable negative events lead to depression, although a portion of people do not become helpless. This was demonstrated in a study involving loud noises.

    Behavioral Treatments for Depression

    • Behavioral activation is a treatment approach for depression. This approach is explained in many video links.
    • Contingency management, using rewards, is another behavioral strategy.
    • Improving social behavior and skills is also a beneficial behavioral approach.

    Causes of Major Depression: Cognitive

    • Cognitive theories focus on how thoughts influence feelings.
    • A humorous example of cognitive errors is available in several video links.

    Causes of Major Depression: Cognitive - Reformulated Learned Helplessness

    • The reformulated learned helplessness theory, by Lyn Abramson and Martin Seligman, highlights the importance of cognition and causal attributions.
    • Misfortune explanation is key, and has three elements: Permanence, Pervasiveness, and Personalization (3 P's).

    Pessimistic Cognitive Style

    • Pessimistic cognitive style is linked to depression, but additional studies are needed to determine causation.
    • Studies suggest pessimism and perceptions of failure during exam periods are associated with depression.
    • A study of 400 third graders indicated pessimism as a predictor for potential future depression.

    Optimistic Cognitive Style

    • Optimistic cognitive style has important associations.
    • Insurance salespeople who were optimistic quit less often and sold 20% more.
    • Students with high SAT and GPA scores often displayed higher optimism and often higher first-year academic performance.
    • Content analysis of sports teams with optimistic outlooks showed better win-loss records than predicted.
    • A study using tumor-cell-injected rats showed those with escapable shock had a higher rate of tumor rejection.

    Cognitive Causes of Major Depression (cont.)

    • Hopelessness theory highlights negative events and negative inference tendencies as key factors.
    • Three key negative inference tendencies are inferring stable and global causes, inferring negative consequences from events, and inferring negative self-characteristics.
    • Susan Nolen-Hoeksema's response style theory differentiates between brooding and reflectiveness, and links rumination to depression.
    • Aaron Beck's negative cognitive triad (self, world, future) and automatic negative thoughts are also contributing factors.

    Cognitive Errors

    • Overgeneralization, magnification (negatives), minimization (positives), and selective abstraction are examples of common cognitive errors.

    Cognitive Treatments for Depression

    • Aaron Beck and Judith Beck demonstrate cognitive behavioral approaches to treating depression through various video links.
    • General cognitive treatment approaches include identifying automatic thoughts, challenging these thoughts based on evidence, and identifying other negative thinking patterns.

    Causes of Major Depression: Interpersonal

    • Depression can stem from relationship difficulties, frequently reported stressors associated with depression. Examples include grief, interpersonal role disputes, transitions, and interpersonal skill deficits.

    Interpersonal Theories of Depression

    • James Coyne's interactional model suggests a strong need for approval combined with rejection sensitivity as a starting point for depression. Excessive reassurance-seeking, which might lead to annoyance and a reduction of social support, completes the cycle.

    Causes of Major Depression: Psychodynamic

    • Psychodynamic theories suggest dependency needs and introjected hostility (turning anger inward) stemming from childhood relationship issues contribute to depression, with unsafe or insecure childhood relationships identified as a significant factor.

    Psychodynamic Therapy for Depression

    • Psychodynamic therapy focuses on emotion, avoidance of issues, recurring themes, exploring the past, relationships, the therapy relationship itself, and fantasy life. Details are included in a video by Jonathan Shedler.

    Additional Approaches to Psychological Treatment of Depression

    • Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is one technique, focusing on acknowledging difficult thoughts and promoting acceptance. Russ Harris provides an explanation through a video.
    • Interpersonal therapy and couples therapy, and culturally-responsive therapy are also important aspects of comprehensive treatment.

    Biological, Hormonal, and Biological Rhythm Causes and Treatments of Major Depression

    • Hormones: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is implicated in chronic stress and major depressive disorder (MDD). An overly reactive HPA axis leads to elevated cortisol levels, potentially hindering neurotransmitter receptor function. Preliminary studies suggest hormonal fluctuation during puberty and menopause might play a role in gender differences in depression rates.

    • Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate are involved in depression.

    • Brain Abnormalities: Structural and functional brain abnormalities, including size variations in the hippocampus and amygdala and activity differences in the left prefrontal cortex, are linked to depression.

    • Immune System Dysfunction: People with MDD often exhibit reduced lymphocyte activity and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting an immune system link.

    • Biological Rhythms: Disruptions in circadian rhythms and sleep problems (specifically reduced REM latency) are correlated with depression and can be a factor.

    • Modern Lifestyle Factors: Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) advocates addressing lifestyle factors like omega-3 fatty acid intake, physical activity, sunlight exposure, social support, and sleep habits to potentially reduce depression.

    • Specific Biological Treatments for MDD: Light therapy for SAD, ketamine as newer antidepressant (IV or nasal spray), ECT, rTMS, VNS, and deep brain stimulation are important biological treatment approaches.

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    Description

    Explore the psychological causes of depressive disorders and the various treatment approaches available. This quiz delves into behavioral and cognitive theories regarding depression, including the impact of rewards and punishments, as well as cognitive errors. Test your knowledge on this critical mental health topic.

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