Cognitive Models of Depression and Schemas
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Questions and Answers

Who is credited with developing one of the first cognitive models of depression?

  • Carl Rogers
  • Sigmund Freud
  • Aaron T. Beck (correct)
  • B.F. Skinner

    • According to Beck's cognitive model of depression, what type of statements did he observe in depressed clients that were negatively biased?

  • Statements related to their family life
  • Statements about their physical health
  • Personally evaluative statements (correct)
  • Statements about their career goals

    • What is central to Beck's cognitive model of depression and is proposed to account for the enduring aspects of emotional disorders like depression?

  • Medication
  • Schema (correct)
  • Depression
  • Therapy

    • What is a schema according to Beck's cognitive model of depression?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aaron T. Beck's cognitive model of depression, what is the central role of schemas?

    <p>Schemas are responsible for the cross-situational consistency of human behavior and can account for the enduring aspects of emotional disorders like depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aaron T. Beck, how do schemas in depression develop over time?

    <p>Schemas develop over a number of years and can be activated by negative life experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor in childhood history that may lead to the development of depressive schemas, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>A high level of self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are intermediary beliefs in Beck's depressogenic schemata?

    <p>Rules used to evaluate oneself and others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are core beliefs in Beck's depressogenic schemata?

    <p>Absolute statements about the self, such as &quot;I am a total success.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Aaron T. Beck's cognitive model of depression, what are conditional rules?

    <p>If/then statements, such as 'if I am criticized, then I have failed'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes automatic thoughts in depression?

    <p>Thoughts that arise spontaneously without effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Beck and colleagues noted that depressed individuals tended to have negative automatic thoughts, which tended to be:

    <p>Thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a person with depression passes by a friend who does not acknowledge them, what might be a typical negative automatic thought?

    <p>'My friend doesn't like me'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aaron T. Beck's theory of depression, what characterizes the thinking of individuals with depression?

    <p>Distinctive errors in cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the cognitive errors in depression according to Beck's theory?

    <p>Perfectionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Beck's theory, what does selective abstraction in depression involve?

    <p>Focusing on one detail and ignoring others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is personalisation in depression according to Beck's theory?

    <p>Believing external events happen due to one's own flaws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you define 'arbitrary inference' in the context of cognitive errors in depression?

    <p>Drawing negative conclusions in the absence of corroborating evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cognitive errors in depression, what is 'dichotomous thinking'?

    <p>Seeing only one extreme or the other, such as 'you are either wrong or right.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cognitive errors in depression, what does 'overgeneralization' involve?

    <p>Drawing conclusions that far exceed the bounds of the current situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy is considered one of the most well-researched treatments for depression?

    <p>Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the cognitive component in CBT for depression?

    <p>To understand the connection between thoughts and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do meta-analytic findings suggest about the effectiveness of CBT compared to medication for depression?

    <p>CBT and medication are equally effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a step in the process of identifying a core belief?

    <p>Extending the hot thought further</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying a core belief?

    <p>To understand the root of your thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When dealing with core beliefs, what is a more powerful way to challenge them?

    <p>Challenging core beliefs through behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key belief in behavioral activation for depression?

    <p>Behavior can influence emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main goals of behavioral activation for depression?

    <p>To improve mood and overall well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How effective is behavioral activation for depression compared to CBT?

    <p>Behavioral activation is equally as effective as CBT for depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Models of Depression

    • Aaron T. Beck is credited with developing one of the first cognitive models of depression.

    Beck's Cognitive Model of Depression

    • Beck observed that depressed clients made negatively biased statements, including all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, and selective abstraction.
    • Schemas are central to Beck's cognitive model of depression, and are proposed to account for the enduring aspects of emotional disorders like depression.
    • A schema is a mental framework that organizes information and influences an individual's perception of the world.
    • The central role of schemas is to distort and bias an individual's perception of reality, leading to negative emotions and behaviors.
    • Schemas develop over time through experiences, especially in childhood, and can be triggered by stressful events.

    Schemas and Depression

    • Intermediary beliefs are rules or assumptions that guide an individual's behavior and are based on their core beliefs.
    • Core beliefs are absolute, rigid, and extreme beliefs that are deeply ingrained in an individual's schema.
    • Conditional rules are "if-then" statements that link an individual's core beliefs to their intermediary beliefs.

    Automatic Thoughts in Depression

    • Automatic thoughts are negative, spontaneous, and uncensored thoughts that arise in response to a situation or stimulus.
    • Depressed individuals tend to have negative automatic thoughts, which tend to be absolute, categorical, and unconditional.
    • A typical negative automatic thought might be "I'm not important" or "I'm not loved" in response to a situation like being ignored by a friend.

    Cognitive Errors in Depression

    • The thinking of individuals with depression is characterized by cognitive errors, including all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, selective abstraction, arbitrary inference, personalization, and dichotomous thinking.
    • Selective abstraction involves focusing on one aspect of a situation and ignoring other important aspects.
    • Personalization involves attributing negative events to oneself or one's own characteristics.
    • Arbitrary inference involves making conclusions without sufficient evidence.
    • Dichotomous thinking involves categorizing experiences into absolute good or bad categories.
    • Overgeneralization involves making sweeping conclusions based on a single event or experience.

    Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Depression

    • CBT is considered one of the most well-researched treatments for depression.
    • The aim of the cognitive component in CBT for depression is to identify and challenge negative automatic thoughts and schemas.
    • Meta-analytic findings suggest that CBT is as effective as medication for depression, and may be more effective in the long term.

    Challenging Core Beliefs

    • A key step in identifying a core belief is to explore the evidence for and against the belief.
    • The purpose of identifying a core belief is to challenge and modify it in order to reduce symptoms of depression.
    • Challenging core beliefs through behavioral experiments can be a more powerful way to change them.

    Behavioral Activation for Depression

    • One of the key beliefs in behavioral activation for depression is that changes in behavior can lead to changes in mood and cognitive functioning.
    • The main goal of behavioral activation is to increase the individual's engagement in pleasurable activities and to reduce avoidance behaviors.
    • Behavioral activation is as effective as CBT for depression, and may be more effective in some cases.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cognitive models of depression and the role of schemas in Aaron T Beck's cognitive model. Discover how these models explain the negative biases often observed in individuals with depression.

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