Dental Health Quiz
37 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which bacterium is primarily responsible for dental caries?

  • Escherichia coli
  • Streptococcus mutans (correct)
  • Bacteroides
  • C. difficile

    • What is the primary cause of periodontal disease?

  • Infection from cavities
  • Bacterial colonization between teeth and gums (correct)
  • Lactic acid production
  • Antibiotic resistance

    • Which condition is NOT typically treated with antibiotics?

  • Tooth decay (correct)
  • Dental abscess
  • Periodontal disease
  • Gastrointestinal infections

    • What is the common treatment method for a dental abscess?

    <p>Dental extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes lactic acid production in the mouth?

    <p>Streptococcus mutans activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Actinomyces infections?

    <p>Good oral hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is specifically associated with an imbalance in the natural microflora of the mouth?

    <p>Oral thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is known for causing gastrointestinal infections in humans?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strain of E. coli is known for being enterohaemorrhagic?

    <p>0157:H7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom produced by various strains of gastrointestinal pathogens?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infections are typically resistant to prokaryotic-targeting antibiotics?

    <p>Eukaryotic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of patients is oral thrush most commonly observed?

    <p>Immunocompromised patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different strains of Escherichia coli are known to exist?

    <p>700 strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the diarrhoea caused by Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) E.coli?

    <p>It is self-limiting and treated with antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is known to cause typhoid fever?

    <p>Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source of Campylobacter infections in humans?

    <p>Contaminated water and raw meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacterial toxins from food cause illness?

    <p>They act directly on epithelial cells in the intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Clostridium botulinum?

    <p>Produces one of the most powerful toxins known, leading to paralysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical treatment for self-limiting diarrhoea caused by Salmonella enterica?

    <p>Rehydration and supportive care, without antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of E.coli O157:H7 infection?

    <p>Haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is the most common cause of diarrhoea in the UK?

    <p>Campylobacter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea?

    <p>Overgrowth by Clostridioides difficile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes Clostridioides difficile?

    <p>It can spread via health care workers due to its spores being difficult to kill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What severe condition can result from a Clostridioides difficile infection?

    <p>Pseudomembranous colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of meningitis is most common and typically less severe?

    <p>Viral meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is commonly associated with meningitis in children under 5?

    <p>Neisseria meningitidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor associated with Clostridioides difficile infections?

    <p>Receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics which disrupt normal gut flora.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate associated with treating infections from Streptococcus pneumoniae in certain age groups?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by Clostridioides difficile?

    <p>Bacterial meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients are affected by respiratory tract infections related to Haemophilus influenza (Type B)?

    <p>6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is commonly known for causing severe diarrhoea and can remain dormant in a hospital setting?

    <p>Clostridioides difficile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main complication associated with E.coli in healthcare settings?

    <p>Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections can Klebsiella pneumonia cause?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of MRSA as mentioned in the content?

    <p>It is resistant to multiple antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is of concern in healthcare settings primarily due to its association with which type of infection?

    <p>Wound infections and pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the biggest killers related to healthcare-associated infections (HAI) in developed countries?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common infection risk associated with patients on long-term antibiotics?

    <p>MRSA infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacterial Infections

    • Respiratory tract infections
    • Urinary tract infections
    • Sexually transmitted diseases
    • Gastrointestinal tract infections
      • Mouth infections
      • Gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections
        • Infections
        • Food poisoning
        • Antibiotic-associated C. difficile infections
    • Central nervous system infections (e.g., meningitis)
    • Skin, bone, and soft tissue infections (e.g., cellulitis)
    • Blood and heart infections (e.g., endocarditis, sepsis)
    • Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a significant problem
    • HAIs affect a high proportion of patients and hospital staff.

    GI Tract Infections (Mouth)

    • Caries (Tooth Decay): Caused by Streptococcus mutans which produces lactic acid, leading to tooth decay. Treatment involves fillings or extractions (not antibiotics).
    • Abscess: Infection from tooth decay spreading to underlying tissue. Treated with antibiotics and dental treatment.
    • Periodontal disease (Gum Disease): Caused by bacteria like Bacteroides and Actinomyces, which colonize the crevice between teeth and gums. Gums become inflamed and bleed, teeth may fall out. Treatment involves good oral hygiene (not antibiotics).

    Opportunistic Superinfections of the Mouth

    • Oral thrush (Candidiasis): Caused by Candida albicans, an imbalance in the mouth's natural microflora. Seen in immunocompromised patients after antibiotic treatment.

    Gastrointestinal Tract Infections

    • Viral infections (e.g., rotavirus)
    • Protozoa
    • Parasites
    • Bacterial infections (many species)
      • Common examples are Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Shigella, and Campylobacter—Campylobacter being the most common bacterial cause
    • Symptoms often include diarrhea (most common symptom)

    E. Coli

    • 700 different strains
    • Commonly lives in the digestive tract and doesn't cause disease
    • 200 strains can cause GI disease
    • Classified into 6 groups based on how they cause infections
      • Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), e.g., H7 and 0157:H7
        • Binds to large intestine epithelial cells
        • Produces toxins acting directly on cells, excreting fluids, and causing diarrhea
        • Can cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (severe)
      • Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
        • Binds to small intestine epithelial cells
        • Produces plasmid-associated toxins causing diarrhea (self-limiting)
        • Commonly referred to as "traveler's diarrhea"

    Salmonella enterica

    • (i) Self-limiting diarrhea
      • Sources: raw meat, poultry, eggs, unprocessed milk
      • Types: S. enterica Enteritidis and S. enterica Typhimurium
      • Bacteria invade small intestine epithelial cells, causing inflammation and diarrhea.
    • (ii) Systemic disease: Typhoid fever
      • Sources: Contaminated water
      • Types: S. enterica serovar Typhi and S. enterica serovar Paratyphi
      • Bacteria penetrate gut mucosa, spread to lymph nodes and bloodstream, causing fever and malaise, leading to acute illness

    Campylobacter

    • Most common cause of diarrhea in humans (from poultry, milk, or water)
    • Similar symptoms to salmonellosis, but incubation period may be longer
    • Treated with rehydration and antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin)

    Food Poisoning

    • Bacterial toxins (not bacteria themselves) causing illness.
    • Bacteria are often destroyed by cooking but toxins can persist.
    • Toxins cause symptoms after reaching the small intestine (diarrhea and vomiting)
    • Common causes include:
      • Campylobacter jejuni
      • Salmonella enterica
      • E. coli O157:H7
      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacillus cereus
      • S. aureus

    Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

    • Opportunistic superinfection following broad-spectrum antibiotic use
    • Overgrowth of Candida albicans or Clostridioides difficile

    Clostridioides difficile

    • Obligate anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria, resistant to many antibiotics
    • Spores are resistant to many disinfectants
    • Can overgrow in the gut after broad-spectrum antibiotic use
    • Produces toxins causing severe diarrhea, colitis, and toxic megacolon
    • A significant concern due to increasing prevalence

    Infections of the CNS (Central Nervous System)

    • Meningitis (inflammation of meninges)
    • Causes include:
      • Neisseria meningitidis (most common in children and young adults)
      • Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common in young children and adults over 60 with compromised immune systems)
      • Haemophilus influenzae (type B) (rare due to vaccine availability)

    Infections of the Skin

    • Opportunistic infections by skin microflora like Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) resulting in:
      • Impetigo (spreading infection in epidermis)
      • Erysipelas (spreading infection in dermis)
      • Boils and folliculitis (infection in or around hair follicles)
      • Cellulitis (spreading infection in underlying connective tissue)
      • Gangrene (tissue death due to lack of blood flow, often with bacterial involvement)
    • Lyme disease (caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a bacteria transmitted by ticks)
      • Causes a red "bullseye" rash along with systemic infection, muscle weakness, arthritis

    Infections of Bone and Joints

    • Osteomyelitis (S. aureus) - infection located in the growing end of long bones
      • Signs: pain, fever, pus in blood vessels
      • Slow blood flow (dead areas), biofilms may form
    • Septic arthritis (S. aureus) involving joint inflammation
      • Signs: pain, swelling, redness, fever
      • May follow skin infections (e.g. cellulitis)

    Infections of the Heart

    • Endocarditis- biofilm infection of inner layers of heart valves
      • Caused by Streptococci, Staphylococci, and Enterococci
      • Symptoms include temperature, heart murmur
      • Diagnosis through electrocardiography, and blood cultures frequently negative.
      • Treatment includes penicillin and vancomycin or aminoglycoside.

    Sepsis

    • Life-threatening condition resulting from a severe bacterial or viral infection in the blood followed by an immune response
    • Causes: organ failure, mental health issues, limb loss
    • Symptoms: high temp (not always), shivering, slurred speech/confusion, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, extreme pain, erythrorematous rash
    • Treatment: IV antibiotics every hour, quick actions vital

    Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs)

    • 2016-2017: 834,000 HAIs in England, 28,500 deaths.
    • HAI: is among the most common causes of preventable death
    • 6 most common sites of infection: Bloodstream, GI, respiratory, urinary tract, surgical sites, clinical sepsis.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    SL22105 PA-2 Bacterial Infections 2 2024 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about dental health with this quiz focused on bacteria, diseases, and treatment methods. Explore topics like dental caries, periodontal disease, and dental abscesses. See how much you really know about maintaining a healthy smile!

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser