Definition of Emotion and Theories
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Questions and Answers

According to the theories presented, what is the primary role of emotions in decision-making?

  • Emotions are irrelevant to the decision-making process.
  • Emotions are solely triggered by external stimuli, not internal evaluations.
  • Emotions signal the importance of goals and direct behavior. (correct)
  • Emotions provide a neutral framework for objective decision-making.
  • Which of the following is NOT a key principle or concept discussed in the text?

  • Emotional responses, once amplified, become embedded in scripts that shape future reactions.
  • Emotions solely stem from unconscious cognitive evaluations, not conscious ones. (correct)
  • Mental models allow us to anticipate and adjust our behavior based on potential outcomes.
  • Emotions communicate goal priorities both internally and externally.
  • What is the primary function of "scripts" as described in the text?

  • Scripts are pre-programmed responses to stimuli, bypassing cognitive evaluation.
  • Scripts are emotional habits that shape our interpretations and reactions to similar situations. (correct)
  • Scripts are dynamic, fluid responses that evolve with each new experience.
  • Scripts are deliberate, conscious choices that determine our behavioral patterns.
  • How do mental models contribute to decision-making, according to the text?

    <p>Mental models help us anticipate outcomes, make decisions, and adjust our behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary driver of the "Communicative Theory" presented in the text is:

    <p>The role of emotions in communicating goal priorities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a shared component of emotions?

    <p>Duration of experience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the evaluative theory of emotions, why are emotions considered valuable?

    <p>They inform us about how we view and interpret situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion theory focuses on how we experience the sensations and physiological changes associated with emotions?

    <p>Sensation/Physiological (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a core principle of Lazarus's Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory?

    <p>Physiological arousal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions from other theories?

    <p>It focuses on the role of thoughts and beliefs in triggering emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What governs how emotions are triggered according to Fridja’s Laws?

    <p>Emotions are elicited by meaningful events that are appraised as real. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central argument of the behavioral theory of emotions?

    <p>Our understanding of our emotions is based on observable behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law describes the phenomenon where continued pleasures and hardships diminish over time?

    <p>Habituation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the regulation laws, what is meant by 'Greatest gain'?

    <p>Viewing situations to maximize emotional satisfaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key question addressed by Lazarus's Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory?

    <p>How do we adapt to and cope with our environments? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "core relational theme" in Lazarus's theory?

    <p>The relationship between a person and their environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the law of 'Apparent reality' imply about emotions?

    <p>Emotions arise from events that are appraised as real. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the law of 'Conservation of emotional momentum' state?

    <p>Emotions can always be evoked unless repeatedly counteracted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law focuses on the emotional impact of avoiding negative consequences?

    <p>Care for consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'Hedonic asymmetry' refer to?

    <p>Pleasure arises from change and pain persists in adverse conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Fridja's Laws, which factor is NOT addressed in the elicitation of emotions?

    <p>Continuous exposure to emotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of somatic markers in decision-making?

    <p>They signal whether a choice is good or bad based on past experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, what aspect of decision-making does the 'As If' loop represent?

    <p>Utilizing past experiences without the need for physical encounters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do somatic markers have on the decision-making process?

    <p>They quickly reduce decision options, enhancing accuracy and efficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side of the prefrontal cortex is associated with approach emotions?

    <p>Left prefrontal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do facial expressions of emotion contribute to understanding human feelings?

    <p>They provide insight into specific emotions through nonverbal cues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does affective style play in an individual's emotional expression?

    <p>It influences habitual ways of experiencing and expressing emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does temperament refer to in the context of emotional responses?

    <p>An early-emerging, biologically based tendency to react to the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following emotions has a universally recognized facial expression?

    <p>Disgust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do persistence laws primarily explain regarding emotions?

    <p>Why emotions can linger and influence behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is primarily responsible for processing emotion-related memories?

    <p>Amygdala (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the prefrontal cortex play in emotional regulation?

    <p>It regulates and interprets emotions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during emotional hijacking?

    <p>Rational thinking is overtaken by intense emotions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region primarily associates emotions with memories?

    <p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the fight or flight response according to emotional hijacking?

    <p>Sensory information filtered through the amygdala. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes emotional momentum?

    <p>The continuation of feelings triggered by past events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the thalamus primarily do in the context of emotional experience?

    <p>Act as a sensory relay center. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research indicate about the expressions of emotions in newborns and infants?

    <p>They exhibit emotional expressions without prior teaching. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of Mayer & Salovey’s model focuses on regulating emotional processes in oneself and others?

    <p>Emotional Management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the facial feedback hypothesis explain the relationship between facial expressions and emotions?

    <p>Facial expressions subconsciously inform our emotional experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability is emphasized in the Emotional Understanding branch of emotional intelligence?

    <p>Understanding the consequences and causes of emotions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized benefit of emotional intelligence?

    <p>Development of alexithymia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cross-cultural studies, what has been observed about isolated societies regarding facial expressions?

    <p>They still recognize and produce similar facial expressions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does alexithymia primarily affect in individuals?

    <p>Capacity to identify and describe emotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Emotional Facilitation/Integration branch of emotional intelligence?

    <p>Leveraging emotions to enhance cognitive processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Emotional Amplification

    The process where components of emotion work together to enhance emotional experiences.

    Scripts

    Emotional habits embedded in cognitive structures that guide responses to events.

    Cognitive Evaluations

    Assessments that influence emotions and indicate our goal priorities.

    Mental Models

    Thought processes used to anticipate situations, affecting decisions and emotions.

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    Communicative Theory

    Emotions communicate our priorities to ourselves and others based on cognitive evaluations.

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    Elicitation of Emotions

    Emotions are triggered by events deemed meaningful and relevant.

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    Persistence of Emotions

    Emotions continue after the event due to psychological processes.

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    Situational Meaning

    Emotions arise from the meaning we assign to actions and contexts.

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    Hedonic Asymmetry

    Pleasure diminishes with repeated satisfaction; pain persists with adverse conditions.

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    Conservation of Emotional Momentum

    Emotional responses can persist unless diminished by repeated exposure.

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    Closure in Emotions

    Emotions are absolute and dominate our actions without middle ground.

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    Care for Consequences

    Emotional impulses drive us to control emotions to avoid repercussions.

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    Lightest Load vs. Greatest Gain

    We tend to minimize negative emotions and maximize positive experiences.

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    Definition of Emotion

    Internal mental states representing evaluative reactions to events that vary in intensity.

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    Components of Emotion

    Includes cognitive appraisal, physiological arousal, subjective feelings, action tendencies, motor expressions, and an object or target.

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    Difference Between Emotions and Moods

    Emotions are short-lived and intense, while moods are more enduring and set the emotional stage.

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    Behavioral Emotion Theory

    Focuses on observable actions related to emotions, such as facial expressions.

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    Cognitive Emotion Theory

    Suggests emotions arise from beliefs and thoughts about the environment and situations.

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    Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory

    Lazarus’ theory emphasizing that emotions arise from cognitive appraisals of interactions with the environment.

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    Core Relational Theme

    Describes the relationship between a person and their environment based on cognitive appraisals.

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    Action Tendency

    The inclination to act in a certain way based on emotional responses.

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    Persistence Laws

    Concepts explaining why emotions linger, often through habituation and emotional momentum.

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    Regulation Laws

    Rules that describe how we manage emotions to minimize negatives and maximize positives.

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    Emotional Processes

    Steps the brain takes to detect, interpret, and regulate feelings.

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    Amygdala

    Brain structure that processes emotion-related memories, especially fear.

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    Hippocampus

    Brain region responsible for storing situational memories linked to emotions.

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    Thalamus

    Sensory relay center of the brain, acting as a translator for sensory information.

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    Prefrontal Cortex

    Part of the brain that regulates emotions; left for approach, right for withdrawal.

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    Emotional Hijacking

    When strong emotions overwhelm rational thought, causing impulsive reactions.

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    Biological Basis of Emotions

    Emotional expressions are innate, not learned.

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    Facial Feedback Hypothesis

    Our facial expressions influence our emotional experiences.

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    Self-Perception Theory

    People judge their feelings by observing their own actions.

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    Mayer & Salovey's EI Branches

    Four key areas: perception, facilitation, understanding, management.

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    Emotion Perception and Identification

    Ability to recognize and express feelings in oneself and others.

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    Emotional Facilitation/Integration

    Using emotions to enhance thinking and decision-making.

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    Alexithymia

    Difficulty in identifying and expressing emotions.

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    Effects of Emotional Intelligence

    Higher EI leads to optimism, impulse control, and satisfaction.

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    Somatic Marker Hypothesis

    The theory that bodily sensations guide decision-making by signaling good or bad choices based on past experiences.

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    Positive and Negative Markers

    Visceral cues developed from experiences that influence decision preferences, often unconsciously.

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    As If Loop

    A cognitive mechanism that allows individuals to simulate experiences without real-life situations.

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    Emotional Learning

    The process by which individuals learn to associate choices with emotional outcomes, guiding better decision-making.

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    Left PFC

    The left prefrontal cortex, associated with approach emotions and positive feelings.

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    Right PFC

    The right prefrontal cortex, linked with withdrawal emotions and negative feelings.

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    Affective Style

    An individual's consistent way of experiencing and expressing emotions, shaped by brain activity.

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    Facial Expressions of Emotion

    Universal nonverbal cues that convey specific emotions, often innate rather than learned.

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    Study Notes

    Definition of Emotion

    • Emotion is an internal, mental state representing evaluative reactions to events, agents, or objects.
    • Emotions are generally short-lived and intense, directed at external stimuli.
    • Emotions are different from moods, which set the emotional stage.
    • Emotions are associated with reactions and behaviors.
    • Components of emotion include:
      • Cognitive appraisal or evaluation of a situation.
      • Physiological component of arousal.
      • A subjective feeling state.
      • Action tendency (motor expression/behavior).
      • Object or target.

    Types of Emotion Theories

    • Sensation/physiological theories focus on the experience of emotion (e.g., arousal).
    • Behavioral theories focus on observable actions (e.g., facial expressions).
    • Evaluative theories connect emotions to evaluative beliefs (e.g., emotions as providing information about situations).
    • Cognitive theories propose that emotions arise from beliefs or thoughts about the environment (e.g., appraisal theories).

    Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory

    • Emotions arise from appraisals (evaluations) of interactions with the world.
    • Key principle: cognitive appraisals (evaluations) and "core relational themes" (relationships between the person and their environment based on appraisals).
    • Two levels of appraisal:
      • Primary appraisal: assessing goal relevance and goal congruence.
      • Secondary appraisal: assessing how well the situation can be handled.

    Thoughts Prior to Emotions

    • Thoughts (ego-involvement) inform how an event relates to one's identity, beliefs, and values.
    • Secondary appraisal involves evaluating coping potential in relation to goals.

    Script Theory

    • Emotions are components in a complex interaction, amplifying emotional experience.
    • Scripts act as emotional habits triggered by signals associated with specific events; these are linked to situations.
    • These scripts shape our emotional responses to similar future situations.

    Communicative Theory

    • How are goal priorities assigned?
    • Emotions communicate priorities to self and others.
    • Emotional experience is based on cognitive evaluation, shaping responses and behavior.

    Fridja's Laws of Emotions

    • Emotion elicitation (laws 1-4): how emotions are triggered by meaningful events.
    • Emotion persistence (laws 5-8): why emotions persist even after events.
    • Emotion regulation (laws 9-12): how emotions are managed (e.g., minimizing negative emotion, maximizing positive emotion).

    Brain Processes in Emotion

    • The brain processes emotions through steps: detecting, interpreting, and regulating feelings.
    • Brain structures involved in emotional experiences:
      • Amygdala (processes emotion-related memories).
      • Hippocampus (stores situational memory).
      • Thalamus (sensory relay center).
      • Prefrontal Cortex (regulates emotions and links emotions to memories).

    Emotional Hijacking

    • Intense emotion can disrupt rational thought.
    • Amygdala triggers a "fight or flight" response before the prefrontal cortex can process the situation.

    Somatic Marker Hypothesis

    • Bodily sensations (somatic markers) can assist in decision-making.
    • Positive and negative markers: based on experience and learning.
    • Allows us to quickly assess situations based on previous experiences.

    Relationship Between Reasoned Decision-Making and Emotion

    • Emotions are essential for rational decisions. Emotional learning helps us determine good versus bad choices.
    • Brain hemispheric specialization (left vs. right prefrontal cortex) influences approach and withdrawal emotions.

    Distinctiveness of Facial Expressions of Emotion

    • Facial expressions are primary ways specific emotions are communicated nonverbally.
    • Some expressions (e.g., disgust, sadness) are universally understood across cultures.

    Facial Feedback Hypothesis

    • Our facial expressions can influence our emotional experience.

    Self-Perception Theory

    • People may infer their emotions by observing their own behavior.

    Mayer & Salovey's 4 branches of Emotional Intelligence

    • Emotion perception and identification.
    • Emotional facilitation and integration.
    • Emotional understanding.
    • Emotional management.

    Alexithymia

    • Difficulty identifying, describing, and expressing emotions.
    • Weakness in linking emotions and language.

    Empathy vs. Sympathy

    • Empathy involves understanding and sharing another person's feelings.
    • Sympathy is feeling concern for another person's situation without sharing the emotions.

    Attunement & Mirroring

    • Attunement: recognizing another's emotional experience and responding appropriately.
    • Mirroring: matching another's emotions, potentially leading to emotional contagion.

    Emotional Contagion

    • Tendency to mimic and synchronize emotions and behaviors with others.

    Emotion Management

    • Strategies for managing emotions or responses to them.

    Fear vs. Anxiety

    • Fear: immediate, physical threat.
    • Anxiety: uncertain, existential threat.

    Social Anxiety

    • Feelings of nervousness, self-consciousness, uncertainty, or dread during interactions with others.

    Anger Expression

    • Anger is often associated with frustration, aggression, and communication problems.
    • Unjustified, intentional, and avoidable situations are more likely to trigger anger than those not.

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