Definitions: Chapter 12-16
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Questions and Answers

Which disorder is characterized by excessive worry about having a serious illness despite minimal or no symptoms?

  • Dissociative Identity Disorder
  • Bipolar Disorder
  • Major Depressive Disorder
  • Illness Anxiety Disorder (correct)

    • What is a key feature of Mania in Bipolar Disorders?

  • Persistent sadness and loss of interest
  • Inability to focus and hyperactivity
  • Extreme mood swings from high energy to fatigue
  • Hyperactivity and excessive optimism (correct)

    • Which statement accurately describes Schizophrenia?

  • Involves hallucinations and delusions (correct)
  • Disorder with sudden episodes of confusion
  • A personality disorder with a lack of remorse
  • A mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings

    • What fundamentally distinguishes Anorexia Nervosa from Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>Restrictive eating without purging vs. binge eating followed by purging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic defines Intellectual Disability?

    <p>Significant limitations in intellectual functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that emotions arise from our awareness of physiological responses to stimuli?

    <p>James-Lange Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Two-Factor Theory propose regarding the experience of emotion?

    <p>Emotions arise from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a polygraph?

    <p>To infer deception through physiological responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Behavior Feedback Effect highlight?

    <p>Physical movements can influence emotional experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Adaptation-Level Phenomenon affect an individual's perception of new experiences?

    <p>It indicates that new experiences are compared to prior ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the perception of being worse off compared to others?

    <p>Relative Deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Positive Psychology?

    <p>Studying human strengths and improving well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'Resilience' in the context of stress?

    <p>The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

    <p>A three-stage process involving alarm, resistance, and exhaustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the 'Tend-and-Befriend' response to stress?

    <p>Nurturing behaviors and seeking social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Attribution Theory explain?

    <p>How we determine causes behind others' actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the Fundamental Attribution Error?

    <p>Overemphasizing personal traits and underestimating situational factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'Social Loafing'?

    <p>Reducing effort when working in a group compared to individual tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes an individual's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?

    <p>Personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a selfless concern for the well-being of others?

    <p>Altruism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is 'Cognitive Dissonance' best described?

    <p>The discomfort arising from conflicting beliefs or behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'Ingroup Bias'?

    <p>Preferring members of one's own group over others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which psychosexual stage does Freud suggest the id focuses on pleasure derived from sucking?

    <p>Oral Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept explains the tendency to feel less responsible when in a group?

    <p>Bystander Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Just-World Phenomenon entail?

    <p>Thinking that people get what they deserve in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the idea that frustration leads to aggressive behavior called?

    <p>Frustration-Aggression Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does the ego use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality?

    <p>Defense Mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a deep, affectionate attachment often found in long-term relationships?

    <p>Companionate Love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Social Trap' refer to in social psychology?

    <p>A situation where self-interested actions harm the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where people are less likely to intervene in an emergency when others are present?

    <p>Bystander Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept involves sharing personal information to create intimacy in relationships?

    <p>Self-Disclosure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

    <p>To reveal hidden emotions through interpreting ambiguous images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggest about human motivation?

    <p>Physiological needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes self-efficacy?

    <p>The belief in one's ability to perform specific tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

    <p>Experiencing intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does reciprocal determinism explain behavior?

    <p>It illustrates the interaction between behavior, personal factors, and environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes unconditional positive regard?

    <p>Encouraging a child despite their mistakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a psychological disorder according to the medical model?

    <p>A syndrome with significant disturbances in cognition, emotions, or behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner?

    <p>Self-serving bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect do anxiety disorders have in common?

    <p>They are characterized by distressing and persistent anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of a personality inventory?

    <p>To measure specific personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Illness Anxiety Disorder involves excessive worry about having a serious illness despite having many severe symptoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bipolar Disorder consists only of depressive episodes without any manic episodes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anorexia Nervosa is primarily defined by a fear of gaining weight accompanied by binge eating behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Cannon-Bard Theory posits that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at different times.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Feel-Good, Do-Good phenomenon implies that a person is less likely to help others when they are in a positive mood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) involves a person exhibiting multiple distinct personalities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Two-Factor Theory, emotions originate from cognitive appraisal and physiological responses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychotherapy is a treatment method that employs medication to relieve psychological issues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Facial Feedback Effect suggests that emotional experiences can be altered by changing facial expressions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relative deprivation refers to feeling better off compared to others.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Adaptation-Level Phenomenon describes how people or organisms adapt to new experiences based on their previous experiences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive Psychology mainly focuses on studying human weaknesses and disorders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) includes three stages: alarm, preparation, and exhaustion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type A personality individuals are typically relaxed and easygoing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Fight-or-Flight response is triggered only by psychological threats.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social Facilitation refers to improved performance on tasks when individuals are alone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Informational social influence occurs when an individual seeks approval from others.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Just-World Phenomenon leads to victims being blamed for their misfortunes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive Dissonance Theory describes a physical discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health Psychology focuses solely on biological factors influencing health.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discrimination involves holding unfair attitudes toward a group.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Rorschach inkblot test involves interpreting ambiguous stimuli to reveal hidden emotions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-Actualization refers to the process of setting aside one's own needs to help others.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by intense fears of social situations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unconditional Positive Regard is an example of total acceptance regardless of a person's actions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Somatic Symptom Disorder involves symptoms that are always linked to a medical condition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Big Five Factors include dimensions like openness and neuroticism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-Efficacy is defined as the belief in one’s ability to achieve specific tasks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Spotlight Effect describes the tendency to underestimate the attention others pay to our actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Panic Disorder is characterized by episodes of intense fear and physical symptoms such as a rapid heartbeat.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epigenetics studies how DNA can be permanently altered by environmental factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Frustration-Aggression Principle suggests that aggression is always a negative response to external frustration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Companionate love refers to the intense emotional and physical attraction felt in the early stages of a relationship.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-disclosure involves sharing personal information about oneself to build intimacy in relationships.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bystander Effect refers to individuals feeling more responsible to help in a group situation than when alone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of Superordinate Goals emphasizes shared objectives that promote conflict between groups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mirror-Image Perceptions occur when conflicting parties view each other as friendly and reasonable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion of Responsibility is the phenomenon where individuals assume greater personal responsibility in a group than when alone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy can occur when negative beliefs about someone come true due to changed behavior toward that person.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aggression is always characterized by physical violence and must involve harm to be considered aggressive behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Equity in relationships refers to an imbalance in contributions, where one partner does significantly more than the other.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ suggests that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently.

    <p>Cannon-Bard Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the ______, emotions arise from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.

    <p>Two-Factor Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ Effect refers to how facial expressions can influence our emotional experiences.

    <p>Facial Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ phenomenon describes the tendency to help others when in a good mood.

    <p>Feel-Good, Do-Good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ refers to a person's self-evaluation of their own happiness and life satisfaction.

    <p>Subjective Well-Being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a device that measures physiological responses to infer if someone is being deceptive.

    <p>Polygraph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ suggests that people assess new experiences based on prior experiences.

    <p>Adaptation-Level Phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Illness Anxiety Disorder involves excessive worry about having a serious illness despite minor or no ______.

    <p>symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bipolar Disorders involve alternating episodes of depression and ______.

    <p>mania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and severe food ______.

    <p>restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) involves a person exhibiting two or more distinct ______.

    <p>personalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychotherapy is a treatment involving psychological techniques between a trained therapist and a client seeking personal ______.

    <p>growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test where individuals interpret ambiguous images.

    <p>Thematic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A psychological test using ambiguous stimuli is known as a ______ test.

    <p>projective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow, the ______ of needs is a hierarchy starting from physiological needs to self-actualization.

    <p>hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-Actualization is about achieving one’s ______ potential.

    <p>full</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unconditional Positive ______ refers to total acceptance of another person regardless of their actions.

    <p>Regard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a widely used test to assess personality and psychological disorders.

    <p>Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anxiety Disorders are characterized by distressing and persistent ______.

    <p>anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is marked by unwanted, repetitive thoughts and/or actions called ______.

    <p>compulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Social-Cognitive Perspective emphasizes the interaction between traits and ______.

    <p>social context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ Disorder is triggered by traumatic events, causing intrusive memories and heightened arousal.

    <p>Posttraumatic Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency to better recognize faces of one’s own ______.

    <p>race</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behavior intended to harm others is referred to as ______.

    <p>aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The idea that frustration leads to aggressive ______ is known as the Frustration-Aggression Principle.

    <p>behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relationships, a balance of give-and-take is referred to as ______.

    <p>equity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sharing personal information to build intimacy is known as ______.

    <p>self-disclosure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The expectation to return favors is termed ______ norm.

    <p>reciprocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carl Jung's concept of shared, inherited memory traces is known as the ______ unconscious.

    <p>collective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help when others are ______ is known as the Bystander Effect.

    <p>present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intense emotional and physical attraction in relationships is referred to as ______ love.

    <p>passionate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud's therapeutic approach focusing on unconscious motives is known as ______.

    <p>psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to recover from stress or adversity is known as ______.

    <p>resilience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body's response to perceived challenges or threats is termed ______.

    <p>stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A physiological reaction that prepares the body for action when faced with a threat is called the ______ response.

    <p>fight-or-flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three-stage process describing how the body responds to prolonged stress is known as ______.

    <p>General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Socially accepted rules for behavior are referred to as ______.

    <p>norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency for individuals to exert less effort in a group is known as ______.

    <p>social loafing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An unjustified negative attitude toward a group is referred to as ______.

    <p>prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ theory explains how we determine the causes of others' behavior.

    <p>attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A desire for harmony in a group that suppresses dissenting opinions is known as ______.

    <p>groupthink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following emotional concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Emotion = A complex psychological state involving subjective experience, response, and expression Happiness = A subjective state of well-being and contentment Relative Deprivation = The perception of being worse off compared to others Subjective Well-Being = A person's self-evaluation of their own happiness and life satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theories of emotion with their descriptions:

    <p>James-Lange Theory = Emotions result from awareness of physiological responses Cannon-Bard Theory = Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously Two-Factor Theory = Emotion arises from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling Facial Feedback Effect = Facial expressions can influence emotional experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects to their explanations:

    <p>Facial Feedback Effect = Smiling can make you feel happier Behavior Feedback Effect = Physical movements can influence emotions Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon = Helping others when in a positive mood Adaptation-Level Phenomenon = Judging new experiences based on past ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological concepts with their examples:

    <p>Polygraph = Measures heart rate and sweat to infer deception Positive Psychology = Studies ways to improve well-being Adaptation-Level Phenomenon = Getting a promotion feels exciting but soon becomes normal Subjective Well-Being = Rating life as satisfying despite financial struggles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theories/concepts with their key points:

    <p>Cannon-Bard Theory = Simultaneous physiological arousal and emotional experience James-Lange Theory = Heart racing leads to feeling afraid Two-Factor Theory = Cognitive appraisal influences emotional experience Relative Deprivation = Feeling worse off in comparison to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Positive Psychology = Field studying human strengths Emotion = Involves subjective experience and response Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon = Tendency to assist others when feeling good Polygraph = Device measuring physiological responses to determine truthfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological principles with their implications:

    <p>Facial Feedback Effect = Changing your facial expression can alter your mood Behavior Feedback Effect = How you carry yourself can affect your self-esteem Two-Factor Theory = Emotion is influenced by both physiology and cognition Subjective Well-Being = Perception of happiness based on life satisfaction assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Resilience = The ability to recover from stress or adversity Stress = The body's response to perceived challenges or threats Health Psychology = A field studying how psychological factors influence health Coronary Heart Disease = A condition caused by blocked heart arteries, often linked to stress and lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following personality types with their characteristics:

    <p>Type A Personality = Competitive, impatient individuals prone to stress-related illnesses Type B Personality = Relaxed, easygoing individuals with lower stress levels Ingroup Bias = Favoring one’s own group in social situations Scapegoat Theory = Blaming others for one’s problems to cope with frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stress responses with their descriptions:

    <p>Fight-or-Flight Response = A physiological reaction to threats, preparing the body for action Tend-and-Befriend Response = Nurturing and seeking social support in response to stress General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) = A three-stage process describing how the body responds to prolonged stress Social Loafing = The tendency for individuals to exert less effort in a group setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their examples:

    <p>Attribution Theory = Explains how we determine the causes of others' behavior Fundamental Attribution Error = Underestimating situational factors in explaining behavior Norms = Socially accepted rules for behavior Cognitive Dissonance Theory = The discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs or behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of social influence with their explanations:

    <p>Normative Social Influence = Influence resulting from a desire to gain approval Informational Social Influence = Acceptance of others' opinions as reality Group Polarization = Amplification of initial opinions through group discussion Groupthink = Desire for harmony in a group that suppresses dissent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological phenomena with their impacts:

    <p>Social Facilitation = Improved performance on tasks in the presence of others Deindividuation = Loss of self-awareness leading to impulsive behavior Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon = Agreeing to a small request increases likelihood of agreeing to a larger one Attitude = A feeling or belief that influences behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Anorexia Nervosa = Characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and severe food restriction. Bipolar Disorder = Involves alternating episodes of depression and mania. Dissociative Identity Disorder = A disorder where a person exhibits two or more distinct personalities. Major Depressive Disorder = A mood disorder causing persistent sadness and loss of interest for at least two weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research topics with their focuses:

    <p>Psychoneuroimmunology = Study of how mental states affect the immune system Prejudice = An unjustified negative attitude toward a group Stereotype = A generalized belief about a group Implicit Bias = Unconscious prejudice influencing behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following responses to stress with their nature:

    <p>Approach Motives = Desire to attain a goal despite challenges Avoidance Motives = Desire to avoid a goal due to apprehension Self-efficacy = Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations Attitude Change = Modification in feelings or beliefs toward an individual or concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of therapy with their descriptions:

    <p>Psychodynamic Therapy = Focuses on unconscious processes and past experiences. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy = Involves changing negative thought patterns. Biomedical Therapy = Uses medication to treat psychological issues. Eclectic Approach = Combines techniques from various therapeutic methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of schizophrenia with their characteristics:

    <p>Chronic Schizophrenia = Develops slowly with symptoms persisting over time. Acute Schizophrenia = Develops rapidly, often triggered by stress. Schizophrenia = Characterized by hallucinations and disorganized thinking. Psychotic Disorders = Involve a loss of touch with reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theories with their descriptions:

    <p>Peripheral Route Persuasion = Persuasion based on superficial cues Central Route Persuasion = Persuasion based on evidence and logical arguments Just-World Phenomenon = Belief that the world is fair and people get what they deserve Social Psychology = Study of how individuals influence and are influenced by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurodevelopmental disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Autism Spectrum Disorder = A disorder affecting communication and behavior. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder = Characterized by inattention and impulsivity. Intellectual Disability = Significant limitations in intellectual functioning. Neurodevelopmental Disorders = Disorders that affect brain development in childhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms in psychoanalysis with their definitions:

    <p>Transference = Client's transfer of emotions to the therapist. Resistance = Blocking of anxiety-laden material from consciousness. Interpretation = Therapist’s explanation of behaviors and dreams. Insight Therapies = Aim to increase awareness of underlying motives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of love with their descriptions:

    <p>Passionate Love = Intense emotional and physical attraction Companionate Love = Deep, affectionate attachment in long-term relationships Equity = A balance of give-and-take in relationships Altruism = Selfless concern for the well-being of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following defense mechanisms with their explanations:

    <p>Repression = Excluding painful memories from consciousness Projection = Attributing one's own unwanted thoughts to others Displacement = Shifting emotions from one object to another Rationalization = Offering logical explanations for emotional decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychoanalytic terms with their definitions:

    <p>Id = The part seeking immediate gratification of basic urges Ego = The part mediating between the id and reality Superego = The part that represents internalized ideals and morals Psychosexual Stages = Freud’s stages focusing on pleasure-sensitive areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to conflict resolution with their meanings:

    <p>GRIT = A strategy for resolving conflicts with small gestures Superordinate Goals = Shared goals requiring cooperation to achieve Mirror-Image Perceptions = Mutual views of hostility between conflicting parties Self-Fulfilling Prophecy = A belief that leads to its own fulfillment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following social phenomena with their examples:

    <p>Bystander Effect = Witnessing a public fight but not intervening Social Loafing = Individuals exerting less effort in a group task Reciprocity Norm = The expectation to return favors Social-Responsibility Norm = The expectation to help those in need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts of personality with their characteristics:

    <p>Personality = Characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Psychodynamic Theories = Views emphasizing unconscious forces and childhood experiences Collective Unconscious = Shared, inherited memory traces from humanity's history Free Association = A technique where individuals say whatever comes to mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of love with their contexts:

    <p>Passionate Love = Early stages of a romantic relationship Companionate Love = Couples married for decades describing their bond Equity = Partners contributing equally to household chores Altruism = Volunteering without expecting anything in return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological theories with their concepts:

    <p>Social Exchange Theory = Relationships based on cost-benefit analysis Terror-Management Theory = Fear of death influencing behavior Oedipus Complex = A boy's unconscious desire for his mother Identification = Adopting characteristics of the same-sex parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological tests with their descriptions:

    <p>Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) = A projective test using ambiguous images to uncover unconscious thoughts. Rorschach Inkblot Test = A projective test where individuals interpret inkblots to reveal unconscious thoughts. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) = A widely used test to assess personality and psychological disorders. Personality Inventory = A questionnaire measuring personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following humanistic concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Self-Actualization = Achieving one’s full potential. Unconditional Positive Regard = Total acceptance of another person regardless of their mistakes. Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow’s pyramid of human needs from physiological to self-actualization. Self-Concept = One’s thoughts and feelings about themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following anxiety disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Generalized Anxiety Disorder = Excessive, uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life. Social Anxiety Disorder = Intense fear of social situations due to fear of judgment. Panic Disorder = Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks with intense physical symptoms. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) = Disorder marked by unwanted, repetitive thoughts and actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to personality with their meanings:

    <p>Reciprocal Determinism = The interaction between behavior, personal factors, and environment. Self-Esteem = One’s overall self-worth and confidence. Narcissism = Excessive self-love and self-absorption. Self-Efficacy = Belief in one’s ability to achieve specific tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of psychological disorders with their brief explanations:

    <p>Medical Model = Concept that psychological disorders have physical causes. Epigenetics = Study of how environment influences gene expression. DSM-5-TR = Manual used to classify psychological disorders. Somatic Symptom Disorder = Disorder where symptoms take a bodily form without a physical cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptive terms with the type of disorder they relate to:

    <p>Specific Phobia = Irrational fear of a specific object or situation. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) = Triggered by traumatic events causing flashbacks and nightmares. Anxiety Disorders = Characterized by distressing and persistent anxiety. Dissociative Identity Disorder = Involves exhibiting multiple distinct personalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following personality traits with their descriptions:

    <p>Big Five Factors = Five broad dimensions of personality including openness and conscientiousness. Trait = A characteristic pattern of behavior. Self-Report = Method where individuals describe their own traits. Empirically Derived Test = Test developed by selecting items that differentiate between groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cognitive psychology concepts with their explanations:

    <p>Spotlight Effect = Overestimating how much others focus on us. Self-Serving Bias = Tendency to perceive oneself favorably. Fundamental Attribution Error = Tendency to underestimate situation influences on others' behavior. Cognitive Dissonance = Mental discomfort from holding contradictory beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental concepts with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:

    <p>Physiological Needs = Basic needs such as food and water. Safety Needs = Need for security and protection. Love and Belongingness Needs = Need for interpersonal relationships. Self-Actualization = Pursuing personal growth and fulfilling potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following therapeutic concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Psychotherapy = Treatment method employing conversation to relieve psychological issues. Behavioral Therapy = Focuses on modifying harmful behaviors through conditioning. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy = Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques for treatment. Humanistic Therapy = Emphasizes personal growth and self-acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emotion, Stress, and Health

    • Emotion: A complex state involving subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral expression (e.g., fear causing a racing heart).
    • James-Lange Theory: Emotions result from awareness of physiological responses (e.g., "I'm afraid because my heart is racing").
    • Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously (e.g., fear and a racing heart happen together when seeing a bear).
    • Two-Factor Theory: Emotion is a result of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling (e.g., recognizing a dangerous situation causing fear).
    • Polygraph: Measures physiological responses to detect deception (e.g., used in criminal investigations).
    • Facial Feedback Effect: Facial expressions influence emotional experience (e.g., smiling makes you happier).
    • Behavior Feedback Effect: Physical movements and behaviors affect emotions (e.g., walking confidently boosts self-assurance).
    • Happiness: A subjective state of well-being and contentment (e.g., time with loved ones increases happiness).
    • Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon: Positive moods increase helping behavior (e.g., someone who received good news might donate to charity).
    • Positive Psychology: Studies human strengths and well-being enhancement (e.g., explores gratitude).
    • Subjective Well-being: Self-assessment of happiness and life satisfaction (e.g., someone might rate their life high despite financial challenges, due to positive relationships).
    • Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Judging new experiences against previous ones (e.g., a promotion might initially feel good but become ordinary over time).
    • Relative Deprivation: Feeling worse off compared to others (e.g., feeling dissatisfied with a salary after learning another coworker makes more).
    • Resilience: The ability to recover from stress or hardship (e.g., recovering from job loss by securing new opportunities).
    • Stress: Body's response to perceived challenges or threats (e.g., exam preparation).
    • Approach and Avoidance Motives: Conflicting feelings towards a goal (e.g., wanting a promotion but fearing extra work).
    • Fight-or-Flight Response: Physiological reaction to threats preparing for action (e.g., encountering a snake triggers this).
    • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Three-stage response to prolonged stress (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) (e.g., stress from a demanding job might lead to fatigue).
    • Tend-and-Befriend Response: Stress response involving nurturing and social support, more common in women (e.g., comforting a friend in crisis).
    • Health Psychology: Studies psychological factors influencing health (e.g., stress and heart disease).
    • Psychoneuroimmunology: Study of how mental states affect the immune system (e.g., chronic stress can weaken immune responses).
    • Coronary Heart Disease: Blocked heart arteries often linked to stress and lifestyle.
    • Type A Personality: Competitive, impatient individuals prone to stress-related illnesses (e.g., heart disease).
    • Type B Personality: Relaxed, easygoing individuals experiencing fewer stress-related health risks.

    Social Psychology

    • Social Psychology: Study of how individuals influence and are influenced by others (e.g., conformity).
    • Attribution Theory: Explanation of how we determine the causes of behavior (e.g., attributing anger to a bad day).
    • Fundamental Attribution Error: Overemphasizing personal traits and underestimating situational factors (e.g., attributing missed deadlines to laziness).
    • Attitude: Feeling or belief influencing behavior (e.g., positive attitude toward exercise).
    • Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon: Agreeing to a small request increases likelihood of agreeing to a larger one (e.g., signing a petition increases donation likelihood).
    • Role: Expected behaviors associated with a social position (e.g., teachers educate and mentor).
    • Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Discomfort from conflicting beliefs or behaviors (e.g., a smoker valuing health may quit to resolve dissonance).
    • Peripheral Route Persuasion: Persuasion based on superficial cues (e.g., using attractive celebrities in ads).
    • Central Route Persuasion: Persuasion using logic and evidence (e.g., highlighting safety features).
    • Norms: Socially accepted rules for behaviors (e.g., shaking hands).
    • Conformity: Adjusting behavior to align with group standards (e.g., agreeing with a group).
    • Normative Social Influence: Influence from desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval (e.g., dressing formally to fit in).
    • Informational Social Influence: Influence based on accepting others' opinions as reality (e.g., following a crowd during crisis).
    • Social Facilitation: Improved performance with others (e.g., running faster with competition).
    • Social Loafing: Reduced effort in a group (e.g., team members slack on a project).
    • Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness in groups (e.g., impulsive behavior in mobs).
    • Group Polarization: Discussions amplifying initial opinions (e.g., increasingly extreme views in political groups).
    • Groupthink: A desire for group harmony suppressing disagreement (e.g., the Challenger disaster).
    • Prejudice: Unjustified negative attitude toward a group (e.g., stereotypes).
    • Stereotype: Generalized belief about a group (e.g., elderly dislike technology).
    • Discrimination: Unfair behavior based on prejudice (e.g., not hiring due to ethnicity).
    • Implicit Bias: Unconscious prejudice influencing behavior (e.g., favoring male leadership candidates without realizing it).
    • Just-World Phenomenon: Belief the world is fair and people get what they deserve (e.g., blaming victims for misfortunes).
    • Ingroup: Group with which an individual identifies (e.g., rooting for a team).
    • Outgroup: Group perceived as different (e.g., the rival team).
    • Ingroup Bias: Favoring one's own group (e.g., hiring an alum over equally qualified candidates).
    • Scapegoat Theory: Blaming others for problems (e.g., blaming immigrants for economic issues).
    • Other-Race Effect: Better recognition of own-race faces (e.g., struggling to distinguish different racial groups).
    • Aggression: Behavior intended to harm others (e.g., violence, rumors).
    • Frustration-Aggression Principle: Frustration leads to aggressive behavior (e.g., road rage).
    • Social Script: Culturally modeled behaviors (e.g., movies depicting violence as problem-solving).
    • Mere Exposure Effect: Increased liking due to repeated exposure (e.g., liking a song after hearing it many times).
    • Passionate Love: Intense emotional and physical attraction (e.g., early romantic relationships).
    • Companionate Love: Deep affection in long-term relationships (e.g., decades-long marriages).
    • Equity: Balance of give-and-take in relationships (e.g., equal contributions to chores).
    • Self-Disclosure: Sharing information to build intimacy (e.g., revealing personal experiences).
    • Altruism: Selfless concern for others (e.g., volunteering).
    • Diffusion of Responsibility: Feeling less responsible in a group (e.g., not helping during emergencies because of many people).
    • Bystander Effect: Reduced likelihood of helping when others are present.
    • Social Exchange Theory: Relationships based on cost-benefit analysis (e.g., helping for personal satisfaction).
    • Reciprocity Norm: Expectation to return favors (e.g., helping someone who helped you previously).
    • Social-Responsibility Norm: Expectation to help those in need (e.g., helping an elderly person).
    • Conflict: Perceived incompatibility of actions or goals (e.g., disagreements over project decisions).
    • Social Trap: Self-interest harms the group (e.g., overfishing damaging resources).
    • Mirror-Image Perceptions: Conflicting parties seeing each other as hostile (e.g., both sides of a feud view the other as unreasonable).
    • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Belief leading to its own fulfillment (e.g., believing someone dislikes you and acting coldly).
    • Superordinate Goals: Shared goals requiring cooperation (e.g., groups working together during disasters).
    • GRIT: Strategy for conflict resolution via small conciliatory steps.

    Personality and Psychological Disorders

    (Note: Further categorized sections for clarity)

    Psychodynamic Theories

    • Personality: Individual's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
    • Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on unconscious forces and childhood experiences.
    • Psychoanalysis: Freud's therapeutic approach focusing on unresolved conflicts.
    • Unconscious: Part of the mind with thoughts and feelings outside awareness.
    • Free Association: Technique where individuals freely discuss thoughts.
    • Id, Ego, Superego: Aspects of personality (id – immediate gratification, ego – reality, superego – morality).
    • Psychosexual Stages: Stages of development focusing on erogenous zones.
    • Oedipus Complex: Unconscious boy desires for mother, competition with father.
    • Identification: Copying the same-sex parent's characteristics.
    • Fixation: Unresolved conflict lingering issues.
    • Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious tactics to reduce anxiety (e.g., repression).
    • Repression: Excluding painful memories from conscious awareness.
    • Collective Unconscious: Carl Jung's concept of shared, inherited memories.
    • Terror-Management Theory: Fear of death influences behavior.
    • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Projective test eliciting stories from images.
    • Projective Test: Uses ambiguous stimuli to reveal hidden emotions.
    • Rorschach Inkblot Test: Projective test interpreting inkblots.

    Humanistic Theories

    • Humanistic Theories: Personality emphasizing personal growth and self-actualization.
    • Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow's pyramid of human needs (physiological, safety, etc.).
    • Self-Actualization: Achieving full potential.
    • Self-Transcendence: Beyond self-interest service (e.g., humanitarian work).
    • Unconditional Positive Regard: Complete acceptance of another.
    • Self-Concept: One's thoughts and feelings about oneself.
    • Trait: Stable characteristics influencing behavior.
    • Personality Inventory: Questionnaire measuring personality traits.
    • Self-Report: Method where individuals describe their traits.
    • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): Widely used test for personality and disorders.
    • Empirically Derived Test: Test choosing items to differentiate groups (e.g., anxiety).
    • Big Five Factors: Five broad personality dimensions (openness, conscientiousness, etc.).

    Social-Cognitive Perspective

    • Social-Cognitive Perspective: Interaction between traits and social context.
    • Reciprocal Determinism: Interaction among behavior, personal factors, and environment.
    • Self: Organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions.
    • Spotlight Effect: Overestimating others' focus on us.
    • Self-Esteem: Overall self-worth.
    • Self-Efficacy: Belief in ability to achieve tasks.
    • Self-Serving Bias: Tendency to perceive oneself positively.
    • Narcissism: Excessive self-love and self-absorption.

    Psychological Disorders

    • Psychological Disorder: Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior.
    • Medical Model: Concept that disorders have physical causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
    • Epigenetics: Environmental influences on gene expression.
    • DSM-5-TR: Diagnostic manual for classifying psychological disorders.
    • Anxiety Disorders: Characterized by distressing anxiety (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder).
    • Depressive and Bipolar Disorders: Mood disorders with depressed or manic episodes.
    • Schizophrenia: Severe disorder with hallucinations, delusions, etc.
    • Dissociative Disorders: Disruptions in identity, memory, or consciousness.
    • Personality Disorders: Enduring, inflexible behavior patterns, e.g., antisocial, borderline.
    • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Existence of two or more distinct personalities.
    • Eating Disorders: Anorexia, bulimia, binge-eating disorder.
    • Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Disorders affecting brain development (e.g., autism spectrum).

    Therapy

    • Psychotherapy: Treatment using psychological techniques.
    • Biomedical Therapy: Treatment using medication or medical procedures.
    • Eclectic Approach: Integration of various therapy techniques.
    • Psychoanalysis: Freud's approach focusing on unconscious conflicts.
    • Resistance, Interpretation, Transference: Concepts in psychoanalysis.
    • Psychodynamic Therapy: Emphasis on unconscious processes and past experiences.
    • Insight Therapies: Improve functioning through awareness of motives and defenses.
    • Person-Centered Therapy: Rogers' humanistic approach emphasizing empathy.
    • Active Listening: Empathetic listening and restating client's feelings.
    • Unconditional Positive Regard: Accepting the client regardless of behavior.
    • Behavior Therapy: Changing maladaptive behaviors.
    • Counterconditioning, Exposure Therapies: Techniques to replace unwanted responses.
    • Systematic Desensitization, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: Techniques for treating anxiety.
    • Aversive Conditioning, Token Economy: Behavioral therapies.
    • Cognitive Therapy: Changing negative thoughts.
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques.
    • Group Therapy, Family Therapy: Therapies for groups or families.
    • Evaluating Psychotherapy: Methods for evaluating therapy effectiveness (e.g., meta-analysis).
    • Evidence-Based Practice: Combining research, expertise, and patient preferences.
    • Therapeutic Alliance: Trust and mutual understanding between therapist and client.
    • Psychopharmacology: Studying drug effects on the mind.
    • Antipsychotic, Antianxiety, Antidepressant Drugs: Medications targeting different disorders.
    • Psychedelic Drugs, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Psychosurgery: Biomedical treatments.
    • Lobotomy: Outdated surgical procedure.
    • Resilience, Posttraumatic Growth: Positive adaptation and change after challenges.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of emotions and stress through key psychological theories including the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Two-Factor theories. Learn how physiological responses impact feelings, and discover the role of feedback effects on our emotional experiences. This quiz will test your understanding of these crucial concepts in psychology.

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