Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which disorder is characterized by excessive worry about having a serious illness despite minimal or no symptoms?
Which disorder is characterized by excessive worry about having a serious illness despite minimal or no symptoms?
- Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Bipolar Disorder
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Illness Anxiety Disorder (correct)
What is a key feature of Mania in Bipolar Disorders?
What is a key feature of Mania in Bipolar Disorders?
- Persistent sadness and loss of interest
- Inability to focus and hyperactivity
- Extreme mood swings from high energy to fatigue
- Hyperactivity and excessive optimism (correct)
Which statement accurately describes Schizophrenia?
Which statement accurately describes Schizophrenia?
- Involves hallucinations and delusions (correct)
- Disorder with sudden episodes of confusion
- A personality disorder with a lack of remorse
- A mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings
What fundamentally distinguishes Anorexia Nervosa from Bulimia Nervosa?
What fundamentally distinguishes Anorexia Nervosa from Bulimia Nervosa?
Which characteristic defines Intellectual Disability?
Which characteristic defines Intellectual Disability?
Which theory suggests that emotions arise from our awareness of physiological responses to stimuli?
Which theory suggests that emotions arise from our awareness of physiological responses to stimuli?
What does the Two-Factor Theory propose regarding the experience of emotion?
What does the Two-Factor Theory propose regarding the experience of emotion?
What is the function of a polygraph?
What is the function of a polygraph?
What does the Behavior Feedback Effect highlight?
What does the Behavior Feedback Effect highlight?
How does the Adaptation-Level Phenomenon affect an individual's perception of new experiences?
How does the Adaptation-Level Phenomenon affect an individual's perception of new experiences?
Which concept refers to the perception of being worse off compared to others?
Which concept refers to the perception of being worse off compared to others?
What is the primary focus of Positive Psychology?
What is the primary focus of Positive Psychology?
What is meant by the term 'Resilience' in the context of stress?
What is meant by the term 'Resilience' in the context of stress?
Which of the following describes the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
Which of the following describes the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
What characterizes the 'Tend-and-Befriend' response to stress?
What characterizes the 'Tend-and-Befriend' response to stress?
What does Attribution Theory explain?
What does Attribution Theory explain?
Which statement reflects the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Which statement reflects the Fundamental Attribution Error?
What is the definition of 'Social Loafing'?
What is the definition of 'Social Loafing'?
What term describes an individual's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
What term describes an individual's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
What is the term for a selfless concern for the well-being of others?
What is the term for a selfless concern for the well-being of others?
How is 'Cognitive Dissonance' best described?
How is 'Cognitive Dissonance' best described?
What is meant by 'Ingroup Bias'?
What is meant by 'Ingroup Bias'?
During which psychosexual stage does Freud suggest the id focuses on pleasure derived from sucking?
During which psychosexual stage does Freud suggest the id focuses on pleasure derived from sucking?
Which concept explains the tendency to feel less responsible when in a group?
Which concept explains the tendency to feel less responsible when in a group?
What does the Just-World Phenomenon entail?
What does the Just-World Phenomenon entail?
What is the idea that frustration leads to aggressive behavior called?
What is the idea that frustration leads to aggressive behavior called?
What mechanism does the ego use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality?
What mechanism does the ego use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality?
Which term describes a deep, affectionate attachment often found in long-term relationships?
Which term describes a deep, affectionate attachment often found in long-term relationships?
What does the term 'Social Trap' refer to in social psychology?
What does the term 'Social Trap' refer to in social psychology?
What is the phenomenon where people are less likely to intervene in an emergency when others are present?
What is the phenomenon where people are less likely to intervene in an emergency when others are present?
What concept involves sharing personal information to create intimacy in relationships?
What concept involves sharing personal information to create intimacy in relationships?
What is the primary purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
What is the primary purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggest about human motivation?
What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggest about human motivation?
Which of the following best describes self-efficacy?
Which of the following best describes self-efficacy?
What is a key characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
What is a key characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
How does reciprocal determinism explain behavior?
How does reciprocal determinism explain behavior?
Which statement best describes unconditional positive regard?
Which statement best describes unconditional positive regard?
What defines a psychological disorder according to the medical model?
What defines a psychological disorder according to the medical model?
Which concept refers to the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner?
Which concept refers to the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner?
What aspect do anxiety disorders have in common?
What aspect do anxiety disorders have in common?
What is the main focus of a personality inventory?
What is the main focus of a personality inventory?
Illness Anxiety Disorder involves excessive worry about having a serious illness despite having many severe symptoms.
Illness Anxiety Disorder involves excessive worry about having a serious illness despite having many severe symptoms.
Bipolar Disorder consists only of depressive episodes without any manic episodes.
Bipolar Disorder consists only of depressive episodes without any manic episodes.
Anorexia Nervosa is primarily defined by a fear of gaining weight accompanied by binge eating behavior.
Anorexia Nervosa is primarily defined by a fear of gaining weight accompanied by binge eating behavior.
The Cannon-Bard Theory posits that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at different times.
The Cannon-Bard Theory posits that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at different times.
The Feel-Good, Do-Good phenomenon implies that a person is less likely to help others when they are in a positive mood.
The Feel-Good, Do-Good phenomenon implies that a person is less likely to help others when they are in a positive mood.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) involves a person exhibiting multiple distinct personalities.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) involves a person exhibiting multiple distinct personalities.
According to the Two-Factor Theory, emotions originate from cognitive appraisal and physiological responses.
According to the Two-Factor Theory, emotions originate from cognitive appraisal and physiological responses.
Psychotherapy is a treatment method that employs medication to relieve psychological issues.
Psychotherapy is a treatment method that employs medication to relieve psychological issues.
The Facial Feedback Effect suggests that emotional experiences can be altered by changing facial expressions.
The Facial Feedback Effect suggests that emotional experiences can be altered by changing facial expressions.
Relative deprivation refers to feeling better off compared to others.
Relative deprivation refers to feeling better off compared to others.
The Adaptation-Level Phenomenon describes how people or organisms adapt to new experiences based on their previous experiences.
The Adaptation-Level Phenomenon describes how people or organisms adapt to new experiences based on their previous experiences.
Positive Psychology mainly focuses on studying human weaknesses and disorders.
Positive Psychology mainly focuses on studying human weaknesses and disorders.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) includes three stages: alarm, preparation, and exhaustion.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) includes three stages: alarm, preparation, and exhaustion.
Type A personality individuals are typically relaxed and easygoing.
Type A personality individuals are typically relaxed and easygoing.
The Fight-or-Flight response is triggered only by psychological threats.
The Fight-or-Flight response is triggered only by psychological threats.
Social Facilitation refers to improved performance on tasks when individuals are alone.
Social Facilitation refers to improved performance on tasks when individuals are alone.
Informational social influence occurs when an individual seeks approval from others.
Informational social influence occurs when an individual seeks approval from others.
The Just-World Phenomenon leads to victims being blamed for their misfortunes.
The Just-World Phenomenon leads to victims being blamed for their misfortunes.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory describes a physical discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory describes a physical discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs.
Health Psychology focuses solely on biological factors influencing health.
Health Psychology focuses solely on biological factors influencing health.
Discrimination involves holding unfair attitudes toward a group.
Discrimination involves holding unfair attitudes toward a group.
The Rorschach inkblot test involves interpreting ambiguous stimuli to reveal hidden emotions.
The Rorschach inkblot test involves interpreting ambiguous stimuli to reveal hidden emotions.
Self-Actualization refers to the process of setting aside one's own needs to help others.
Self-Actualization refers to the process of setting aside one's own needs to help others.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by intense fears of social situations.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by intense fears of social situations.
Unconditional Positive Regard is an example of total acceptance regardless of a person's actions.
Unconditional Positive Regard is an example of total acceptance regardless of a person's actions.
Somatic Symptom Disorder involves symptoms that are always linked to a medical condition.
Somatic Symptom Disorder involves symptoms that are always linked to a medical condition.
The Big Five Factors include dimensions like openness and neuroticism.
The Big Five Factors include dimensions like openness and neuroticism.
Self-Efficacy is defined as the belief in one’s ability to achieve specific tasks.
Self-Efficacy is defined as the belief in one’s ability to achieve specific tasks.
The Spotlight Effect describes the tendency to underestimate the attention others pay to our actions.
The Spotlight Effect describes the tendency to underestimate the attention others pay to our actions.
Panic Disorder is characterized by episodes of intense fear and physical symptoms such as a rapid heartbeat.
Panic Disorder is characterized by episodes of intense fear and physical symptoms such as a rapid heartbeat.
Epigenetics studies how DNA can be permanently altered by environmental factors.
Epigenetics studies how DNA can be permanently altered by environmental factors.
The Frustration-Aggression Principle suggests that aggression is always a negative response to external frustration.
The Frustration-Aggression Principle suggests that aggression is always a negative response to external frustration.
Companionate love refers to the intense emotional and physical attraction felt in the early stages of a relationship.
Companionate love refers to the intense emotional and physical attraction felt in the early stages of a relationship.
Self-disclosure involves sharing personal information about oneself to build intimacy in relationships.
Self-disclosure involves sharing personal information about oneself to build intimacy in relationships.
The Bystander Effect refers to individuals feeling more responsible to help in a group situation than when alone.
The Bystander Effect refers to individuals feeling more responsible to help in a group situation than when alone.
The concept of Superordinate Goals emphasizes shared objectives that promote conflict between groups.
The concept of Superordinate Goals emphasizes shared objectives that promote conflict between groups.
Mirror-Image Perceptions occur when conflicting parties view each other as friendly and reasonable.
Mirror-Image Perceptions occur when conflicting parties view each other as friendly and reasonable.
Diffusion of Responsibility is the phenomenon where individuals assume greater personal responsibility in a group than when alone.
Diffusion of Responsibility is the phenomenon where individuals assume greater personal responsibility in a group than when alone.
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy can occur when negative beliefs about someone come true due to changed behavior toward that person.
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy can occur when negative beliefs about someone come true due to changed behavior toward that person.
Aggression is always characterized by physical violence and must involve harm to be considered aggressive behavior.
Aggression is always characterized by physical violence and must involve harm to be considered aggressive behavior.
Equity in relationships refers to an imbalance in contributions, where one partner does significantly more than the other.
Equity in relationships refers to an imbalance in contributions, where one partner does significantly more than the other.
The ______ suggests that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently.
The ______ suggests that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently.
According to the ______, emotions arise from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.
According to the ______, emotions arise from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.
The ______ Effect refers to how facial expressions can influence our emotional experiences.
The ______ Effect refers to how facial expressions can influence our emotional experiences.
The ______ phenomenon describes the tendency to help others when in a good mood.
The ______ phenomenon describes the tendency to help others when in a good mood.
The ______ refers to a person's self-evaluation of their own happiness and life satisfaction.
The ______ refers to a person's self-evaluation of their own happiness and life satisfaction.
The ______ is a device that measures physiological responses to infer if someone is being deceptive.
The ______ is a device that measures physiological responses to infer if someone is being deceptive.
The ______ suggests that people assess new experiences based on prior experiences.
The ______ suggests that people assess new experiences based on prior experiences.
Illness Anxiety Disorder involves excessive worry about having a serious illness despite minor or no ______.
Illness Anxiety Disorder involves excessive worry about having a serious illness despite minor or no ______.
Bipolar Disorders involve alternating episodes of depression and ______.
Bipolar Disorders involve alternating episodes of depression and ______.
Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and severe food ______.
Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and severe food ______.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) involves a person exhibiting two or more distinct ______.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) involves a person exhibiting two or more distinct ______.
Psychotherapy is a treatment involving psychological techniques between a trained therapist and a client seeking personal ______.
Psychotherapy is a treatment involving psychological techniques between a trained therapist and a client seeking personal ______.
The ______ Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test where individuals interpret ambiguous images.
The ______ Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test where individuals interpret ambiguous images.
A psychological test using ambiguous stimuli is known as a ______ test.
A psychological test using ambiguous stimuli is known as a ______ test.
According to Maslow, the ______ of needs is a hierarchy starting from physiological needs to self-actualization.
According to Maslow, the ______ of needs is a hierarchy starting from physiological needs to self-actualization.
Self-Actualization is about achieving one’s ______ potential.
Self-Actualization is about achieving one’s ______ potential.
Unconditional Positive ______ refers to total acceptance of another person regardless of their actions.
Unconditional Positive ______ refers to total acceptance of another person regardless of their actions.
The ______ is a widely used test to assess personality and psychological disorders.
The ______ is a widely used test to assess personality and psychological disorders.
Anxiety Disorders are characterized by distressing and persistent ______.
Anxiety Disorders are characterized by distressing and persistent ______.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is marked by unwanted, repetitive thoughts and/or actions called ______.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is marked by unwanted, repetitive thoughts and/or actions called ______.
The Social-Cognitive Perspective emphasizes the interaction between traits and ______.
The Social-Cognitive Perspective emphasizes the interaction between traits and ______.
______ Disorder is triggered by traumatic events, causing intrusive memories and heightened arousal.
______ Disorder is triggered by traumatic events, causing intrusive memories and heightened arousal.
The tendency to better recognize faces of one’s own ______.
The tendency to better recognize faces of one’s own ______.
Behavior intended to harm others is referred to as ______.
Behavior intended to harm others is referred to as ______.
The idea that frustration leads to aggressive ______ is known as the Frustration-Aggression Principle.
The idea that frustration leads to aggressive ______ is known as the Frustration-Aggression Principle.
In relationships, a balance of give-and-take is referred to as ______.
In relationships, a balance of give-and-take is referred to as ______.
Sharing personal information to build intimacy is known as ______.
Sharing personal information to build intimacy is known as ______.
The expectation to return favors is termed ______ norm.
The expectation to return favors is termed ______ norm.
Carl Jung's concept of shared, inherited memory traces is known as the ______ unconscious.
Carl Jung's concept of shared, inherited memory traces is known as the ______ unconscious.
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help when others are ______ is known as the Bystander Effect.
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help when others are ______ is known as the Bystander Effect.
Intense emotional and physical attraction in relationships is referred to as ______ love.
Intense emotional and physical attraction in relationships is referred to as ______ love.
Freud's therapeutic approach focusing on unconscious motives is known as ______.
Freud's therapeutic approach focusing on unconscious motives is known as ______.
The ability to recover from stress or adversity is known as ______.
The ability to recover from stress or adversity is known as ______.
The body's response to perceived challenges or threats is termed ______.
The body's response to perceived challenges or threats is termed ______.
A physiological reaction that prepares the body for action when faced with a threat is called the ______ response.
A physiological reaction that prepares the body for action when faced with a threat is called the ______ response.
The three-stage process describing how the body responds to prolonged stress is known as ______.
The three-stage process describing how the body responds to prolonged stress is known as ______.
Socially accepted rules for behavior are referred to as ______.
Socially accepted rules for behavior are referred to as ______.
The tendency for individuals to exert less effort in a group is known as ______.
The tendency for individuals to exert less effort in a group is known as ______.
An unjustified negative attitude toward a group is referred to as ______.
An unjustified negative attitude toward a group is referred to as ______.
The ______ theory explains how we determine the causes of others' behavior.
The ______ theory explains how we determine the causes of others' behavior.
A desire for harmony in a group that suppresses dissenting opinions is known as ______.
A desire for harmony in a group that suppresses dissenting opinions is known as ______.
Match the following emotional concepts with their definitions:
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Flashcards
James-Lange Theory
James-Lange Theory
Emotions are caused by our recognition of physical responses to stimuli.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotions and physical responses happen at the same time.
Two-Factor Theory
Two-Factor Theory
Emotions result from physical arousal and the label we give to a situation
Facial Feedback Effect
Facial Feedback Effect
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Behavior Feedback Effect
Behavior Feedback Effect
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Happiness
Happiness
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Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
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Resilience
Resilience
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Stress
Stress
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Approach and Avoidance Motives
Approach and Avoidance Motives
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Fight-or-Flight Response
Fight-or-Flight Response
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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Social Psychology
Social Psychology
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Attribution Theory
Attribution Theory
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Fundamental Attribution Error
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Prejudice
Prejudice
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Illness Anxiety Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
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Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
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Bipolar Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
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Other-Race Effect
Other-Race Effect
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Frustration-Aggression Principle
Frustration-Aggression Principle
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Social Script
Social Script
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Mere Exposure Effect
Mere Exposure Effect
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Passionate Love
Passionate Love
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Companionate Love
Companionate Love
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Equity
Equity
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Self-Disclosure
Self-Disclosure
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Altruism
Altruism
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Diffusion of Responsibility
Diffusion of Responsibility
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Projective Test
Projective Test
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
Rorschach Inkblot Test
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Humanistic Theories
Humanistic Theories
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Hierarchy of Needs
Hierarchy of Needs
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Self-Actualization
Self-Actualization
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Self-Transcendence
Self-Transcendence
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Unconditional Positive Regard
Unconditional Positive Regard
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Self-Concept
Self-Concept
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Personality Inventory
Personality Inventory
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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Polygraph
Polygraph
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Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
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Aggression
Aggression
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Conformity
Conformity
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Stereotype
Stereotype
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Discrimination
Discrimination
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Humanistic Theories of Personality
Humanistic Theories of Personality
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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Tend-and-Befriend Response
Tend-and-Befriend Response
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What is emotion?
What is emotion?
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Positive Psychology
Positive Psychology
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Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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Norms
Norms
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Social Facilitation
Social Facilitation
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Social Loafing
Social Loafing
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Trait
Trait
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Study Notes
Emotion, Stress, and Health
- Emotion: A complex state involving subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral expression (e.g., fear causing a racing heart).
- James-Lange Theory: Emotions result from awareness of physiological responses (e.g., "I'm afraid because my heart is racing").
- Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously (e.g., fear and a racing heart happen together when seeing a bear).
- Two-Factor Theory: Emotion is a result of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling (e.g., recognizing a dangerous situation causing fear).
- Polygraph: Measures physiological responses to detect deception (e.g., used in criminal investigations).
- Facial Feedback Effect: Facial expressions influence emotional experience (e.g., smiling makes you happier).
- Behavior Feedback Effect: Physical movements and behaviors affect emotions (e.g., walking confidently boosts self-assurance).
- Happiness: A subjective state of well-being and contentment (e.g., time with loved ones increases happiness).
- Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon: Positive moods increase helping behavior (e.g., someone who received good news might donate to charity).
- Positive Psychology: Studies human strengths and well-being enhancement (e.g., explores gratitude).
- Subjective Well-being: Self-assessment of happiness and life satisfaction (e.g., someone might rate their life high despite financial challenges, due to positive relationships).
- Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Judging new experiences against previous ones (e.g., a promotion might initially feel good but become ordinary over time).
- Relative Deprivation: Feeling worse off compared to others (e.g., feeling dissatisfied with a salary after learning another coworker makes more).
- Resilience: The ability to recover from stress or hardship (e.g., recovering from job loss by securing new opportunities).
- Stress: Body's response to perceived challenges or threats (e.g., exam preparation).
- Approach and Avoidance Motives: Conflicting feelings towards a goal (e.g., wanting a promotion but fearing extra work).
- Fight-or-Flight Response: Physiological reaction to threats preparing for action (e.g., encountering a snake triggers this).
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Three-stage response to prolonged stress (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) (e.g., stress from a demanding job might lead to fatigue).
- Tend-and-Befriend Response: Stress response involving nurturing and social support, more common in women (e.g., comforting a friend in crisis).
- Health Psychology: Studies psychological factors influencing health (e.g., stress and heart disease).
- Psychoneuroimmunology: Study of how mental states affect the immune system (e.g., chronic stress can weaken immune responses).
- Coronary Heart Disease: Blocked heart arteries often linked to stress and lifestyle.
- Type A Personality: Competitive, impatient individuals prone to stress-related illnesses (e.g., heart disease).
- Type B Personality: Relaxed, easygoing individuals experiencing fewer stress-related health risks.
Social Psychology
- Social Psychology: Study of how individuals influence and are influenced by others (e.g., conformity).
- Attribution Theory: Explanation of how we determine the causes of behavior (e.g., attributing anger to a bad day).
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Overemphasizing personal traits and underestimating situational factors (e.g., attributing missed deadlines to laziness).
- Attitude: Feeling or belief influencing behavior (e.g., positive attitude toward exercise).
- Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon: Agreeing to a small request increases likelihood of agreeing to a larger one (e.g., signing a petition increases donation likelihood).
- Role: Expected behaviors associated with a social position (e.g., teachers educate and mentor).
- Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Discomfort from conflicting beliefs or behaviors (e.g., a smoker valuing health may quit to resolve dissonance).
- Peripheral Route Persuasion: Persuasion based on superficial cues (e.g., using attractive celebrities in ads).
- Central Route Persuasion: Persuasion using logic and evidence (e.g., highlighting safety features).
- Norms: Socially accepted rules for behaviors (e.g., shaking hands).
- Conformity: Adjusting behavior to align with group standards (e.g., agreeing with a group).
- Normative Social Influence: Influence from desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval (e.g., dressing formally to fit in).
- Informational Social Influence: Influence based on accepting others' opinions as reality (e.g., following a crowd during crisis).
- Social Facilitation: Improved performance with others (e.g., running faster with competition).
- Social Loafing: Reduced effort in a group (e.g., team members slack on a project).
- Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness in groups (e.g., impulsive behavior in mobs).
- Group Polarization: Discussions amplifying initial opinions (e.g., increasingly extreme views in political groups).
- Groupthink: A desire for group harmony suppressing disagreement (e.g., the Challenger disaster).
- Prejudice: Unjustified negative attitude toward a group (e.g., stereotypes).
- Stereotype: Generalized belief about a group (e.g., elderly dislike technology).
- Discrimination: Unfair behavior based on prejudice (e.g., not hiring due to ethnicity).
- Implicit Bias: Unconscious prejudice influencing behavior (e.g., favoring male leadership candidates without realizing it).
- Just-World Phenomenon: Belief the world is fair and people get what they deserve (e.g., blaming victims for misfortunes).
- Ingroup: Group with which an individual identifies (e.g., rooting for a team).
- Outgroup: Group perceived as different (e.g., the rival team).
- Ingroup Bias: Favoring one's own group (e.g., hiring an alum over equally qualified candidates).
- Scapegoat Theory: Blaming others for problems (e.g., blaming immigrants for economic issues).
- Other-Race Effect: Better recognition of own-race faces (e.g., struggling to distinguish different racial groups).
- Aggression: Behavior intended to harm others (e.g., violence, rumors).
- Frustration-Aggression Principle: Frustration leads to aggressive behavior (e.g., road rage).
- Social Script: Culturally modeled behaviors (e.g., movies depicting violence as problem-solving).
- Mere Exposure Effect: Increased liking due to repeated exposure (e.g., liking a song after hearing it many times).
- Passionate Love: Intense emotional and physical attraction (e.g., early romantic relationships).
- Companionate Love: Deep affection in long-term relationships (e.g., decades-long marriages).
- Equity: Balance of give-and-take in relationships (e.g., equal contributions to chores).
- Self-Disclosure: Sharing information to build intimacy (e.g., revealing personal experiences).
- Altruism: Selfless concern for others (e.g., volunteering).
- Diffusion of Responsibility: Feeling less responsible in a group (e.g., not helping during emergencies because of many people).
- Bystander Effect: Reduced likelihood of helping when others are present.
- Social Exchange Theory: Relationships based on cost-benefit analysis (e.g., helping for personal satisfaction).
- Reciprocity Norm: Expectation to return favors (e.g., helping someone who helped you previously).
- Social-Responsibility Norm: Expectation to help those in need (e.g., helping an elderly person).
- Conflict: Perceived incompatibility of actions or goals (e.g., disagreements over project decisions).
- Social Trap: Self-interest harms the group (e.g., overfishing damaging resources).
- Mirror-Image Perceptions: Conflicting parties seeing each other as hostile (e.g., both sides of a feud view the other as unreasonable).
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Belief leading to its own fulfillment (e.g., believing someone dislikes you and acting coldly).
- Superordinate Goals: Shared goals requiring cooperation (e.g., groups working together during disasters).
- GRIT: Strategy for conflict resolution via small conciliatory steps.
Personality and Psychological Disorders
(Note: Further categorized sections for clarity)
Psychodynamic Theories
- Personality: Individual's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on unconscious forces and childhood experiences.
- Psychoanalysis: Freud's therapeutic approach focusing on unresolved conflicts.
- Unconscious: Part of the mind with thoughts and feelings outside awareness.
- Free Association: Technique where individuals freely discuss thoughts.
- Id, Ego, Superego: Aspects of personality (id – immediate gratification, ego – reality, superego – morality).
- Psychosexual Stages: Stages of development focusing on erogenous zones.
- Oedipus Complex: Unconscious boy desires for mother, competition with father.
- Identification: Copying the same-sex parent's characteristics.
- Fixation: Unresolved conflict lingering issues.
- Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious tactics to reduce anxiety (e.g., repression).
- Repression: Excluding painful memories from conscious awareness.
- Collective Unconscious: Carl Jung's concept of shared, inherited memories.
- Terror-Management Theory: Fear of death influences behavior.
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Projective test eliciting stories from images.
- Projective Test: Uses ambiguous stimuli to reveal hidden emotions.
- Rorschach Inkblot Test: Projective test interpreting inkblots.
Humanistic Theories
- Humanistic Theories: Personality emphasizing personal growth and self-actualization.
- Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow's pyramid of human needs (physiological, safety, etc.).
- Self-Actualization: Achieving full potential.
- Self-Transcendence: Beyond self-interest service (e.g., humanitarian work).
- Unconditional Positive Regard: Complete acceptance of another.
- Self-Concept: One's thoughts and feelings about oneself.
- Trait: Stable characteristics influencing behavior.
- Personality Inventory: Questionnaire measuring personality traits.
- Self-Report: Method where individuals describe their traits.
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): Widely used test for personality and disorders.
- Empirically Derived Test: Test choosing items to differentiate groups (e.g., anxiety).
- Big Five Factors: Five broad personality dimensions (openness, conscientiousness, etc.).
Social-Cognitive Perspective
- Social-Cognitive Perspective: Interaction between traits and social context.
- Reciprocal Determinism: Interaction among behavior, personal factors, and environment.
- Self: Organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions.
- Spotlight Effect: Overestimating others' focus on us.
- Self-Esteem: Overall self-worth.
- Self-Efficacy: Belief in ability to achieve tasks.
- Self-Serving Bias: Tendency to perceive oneself positively.
- Narcissism: Excessive self-love and self-absorption.
Psychological Disorders
- Psychological Disorder: Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior.
- Medical Model: Concept that disorders have physical causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
- Epigenetics: Environmental influences on gene expression.
- DSM-5-TR: Diagnostic manual for classifying psychological disorders.
- Anxiety Disorders: Characterized by distressing anxiety (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder).
- Depressive and Bipolar Disorders: Mood disorders with depressed or manic episodes.
- Schizophrenia: Severe disorder with hallucinations, delusions, etc.
- Dissociative Disorders: Disruptions in identity, memory, or consciousness.
- Personality Disorders: Enduring, inflexible behavior patterns, e.g., antisocial, borderline.
- Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Existence of two or more distinct personalities.
- Eating Disorders: Anorexia, bulimia, binge-eating disorder.
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Disorders affecting brain development (e.g., autism spectrum).
Therapy
- Psychotherapy: Treatment using psychological techniques.
- Biomedical Therapy: Treatment using medication or medical procedures.
- Eclectic Approach: Integration of various therapy techniques.
- Psychoanalysis: Freud's approach focusing on unconscious conflicts.
- Resistance, Interpretation, Transference: Concepts in psychoanalysis.
- Psychodynamic Therapy: Emphasis on unconscious processes and past experiences.
- Insight Therapies: Improve functioning through awareness of motives and defenses.
- Person-Centered Therapy: Rogers' humanistic approach emphasizing empathy.
- Active Listening: Empathetic listening and restating client's feelings.
- Unconditional Positive Regard: Accepting the client regardless of behavior.
- Behavior Therapy: Changing maladaptive behaviors.
- Counterconditioning, Exposure Therapies: Techniques to replace unwanted responses.
- Systematic Desensitization, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: Techniques for treating anxiety.
- Aversive Conditioning, Token Economy: Behavioral therapies.
- Cognitive Therapy: Changing negative thoughts.
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques.
- Group Therapy, Family Therapy: Therapies for groups or families.
- Evaluating Psychotherapy: Methods for evaluating therapy effectiveness (e.g., meta-analysis).
- Evidence-Based Practice: Combining research, expertise, and patient preferences.
- Therapeutic Alliance: Trust and mutual understanding between therapist and client.
- Psychopharmacology: Studying drug effects on the mind.
- Antipsychotic, Antianxiety, Antidepressant Drugs: Medications targeting different disorders.
- Psychedelic Drugs, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Psychosurgery: Biomedical treatments.
- Lobotomy: Outdated surgical procedure.
- Resilience, Posttraumatic Growth: Positive adaptation and change after challenges.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of emotions and stress through key psychological theories including the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Two-Factor theories. Learn how physiological responses impact feelings, and discover the role of feedback effects on our emotional experiences. This quiz will test your understanding of these crucial concepts in psychology.
