Data Transmission on Physical Media
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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between the required bandwidth and bit rate in baseband transmission?

  • Required bandwidth is proportional to bit rate. (correct)
  • Required bandwidth is independent of bit rate.
  • Required bandwidth decreases as bit rate increases.
  • Required bandwidth is inversely proportional to bit rate.

What type of signal is primarily used in broadband transmission?

  • Digital signals
  • Binary signals
  • Analog signals (correct)
  • Discrete signals

Which of the following is a characteristic of unidirectional broadband communication?

  • Utilizes only digital transmission methods.
  • Requires one pathway for both sending and receiving.
  • Requires two pathways for sending and receiving. (correct)
  • Can send and receive simultaneously on the same channel.

Which of the following is NOT a cause of transmission signal impairment?

<p>Insulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does attenuation refer to in signal transmission?

<p>Loss of energy in a signal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measurement is used to express the relative strengths of signals in transmission?

<p>Decibel (dB) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of signal distortion?

<p>Signal components have different propagation speeds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) indicate about the signal?

<p>The signal is less corrupted by noise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to noise in signal transmission?

<p>High levels of bandwidth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula represents the Shannon capacity for a noisy channel?

<p>Bit Rate = bandwidth x log 2 (1 + SNR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can increasing the number of signal levels impact the data transmission?

<p>It may reduce the receiver's reliability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between bandwidth in hertz and bandwidth in bits per second?

<p>An increase in bandwidth in hertz means an increase in bandwidth in bits per second. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of noise primarily corrupts signals by causing unwanted interference?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Nyquist bit rate' refer to?

<p>The theoretical maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What equation correctly defines the Signal-to-Noise Ratio in decibels (SNRdB)?

<p>SNRdB = 10 log 10 (average signal power / average noise power) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors affect the data rate in data communications?

<p>Bandwidth, signal level, and noise level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between analog and digital data?

<p>Analog data can take on a continuous range of values, whereas digital data have discrete states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the bandwidth and frequency of a composite periodic analog signal defined?

<p>Bandwidth is the range of frequencies between the highest and lowest frequencies contained in the signal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of baseband transmission?

<p>It sends digital signals through the media as a single channel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does baud rate specifically refer to?

<p>The number of signal changes transmitted per second (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a digital signal with L levels, how do you determine the number of bits per level?

<p>Using the formula log2(L). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about baseband transmission is correct?

<p>It transmits signals as pulses of electricity or light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between bit rate and baud rate?

<p>Baud rate is less than or equal to bit rate in analog transmission of digital data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classifies a signal as a composite periodic analog signal?

<p>It is made up of multiple sine waves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of throughput in network transmission?

<p>To represent the actual speed of data transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a type of data (or) signal encoding?

<p>Frequency-to-Frequency Conversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does baseband communication imply about signal directionality?

<p>It can send and receive signals bidirectionally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a digital signal has eight levels, how many bits are required per level?

<p>3 bits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable 'r' represent in the relationship S = N x 1 / r?

<p>The ratio of data elements per signal element (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which device utilizes digital-to-analog conversion to connect a digital source to analog media?

<p>Modem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In data transmission, how does increasing the data rate generally affect the signal rate?

<p>It increases the bandwidth requirement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect distinguishes throughput from bandwidth?

<p>Throughput is always less than bandwidth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bandwidth range of twisted pair cables?

<p>0 - 100 MHz (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the use of coaxial cables?

<p>They include thick net and thin net types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of optical fiber cables over twisted pair cables?

<p>Higher usable bandwidth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of twisted pair cable is predominantly used in outdoor areas?

<p>Shielded Twisted Pair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do stranded twisted pair cables differ from solid twisted pair cables?

<p>Stranded cables are more flexible and have a smaller bend-radius. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cable types offers the largest bandwidth?

<p>Optical Fiber Cable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for modulating an analog signal?

<p>To fit the signal into a band pass channel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component used in fiber-optic cables for data transmission?

<p>Glass or plastic filaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is commonly used for converting analog to digital signals?

<p>Pulse Code Modulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cables is generally not used for data communications?

<p>Open Wire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for digital-to-digital conversion?

<p>Line coding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of un-guided transmission media?

<p>Optical fiber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transmission medium is used for Wireless LANs?

<p>Radio wave (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In guided transmission media, which of these options is NOT included?

<p>Remote control signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three techniques involved in digital-to-digital conversion?

<p>Line coding, block coding, and scrambling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these transmission media is considered un-guided?

<p>Microwave signal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to compensate for signal energy loss due to attenuation during transmission?

<p>Amplifiers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the consequence of distortion in a transmitted signal?

<p>Alteration of signal shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does broadband transmission enable simultaneous data transmissions?

<p>By allocating different frequencies for each transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to transmission signal impairment?

<p>Insufficient bandwidth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does noise in signal transmission primarily refer to?

<p>Random unwanted signals that affect data integrity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding frequency-division multiplexing in broadband transmission?

<p>It enables simultaneous transmission by splitting bandwidth into distinct frequency bands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a signal experiences attenuation in transmission?

<p>The signal may require amplification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would phase difference at the receiver most likely occur?

<p>When the signal travels at various speeds through the medium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) imply about the data transmission?

<p>The signal is significantly affected by noise. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of data communications, how does increasing bandwidth in hertz affect data rate?

<p>It allows for a higher data rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula would you use to calculate the theoretical maximum bit rate of a channel with noise?

<p>Bit Rate = bandwidth x log 2 (1 + SNR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges might arise from increasing the number of signal levels used to represent data?

<p>It can burden the receiver and reduce reliability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the measurement of signal strength relative to noise in a transmission?

<p>Signal-to-Noise Ratio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit is used to express the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in terms of its decibel value?

<p>SNRdB (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not directly affect the data rate of a communication channel?

<p>Transmission distance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Nyquist bit rate calculate for a noiseless channel?

<p>Bit Rate = 2 x bandwidth x log 2 L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for using analog-to-analog conversion techniques?

<p>To enable transmission over band pass channels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does throughput differ from bandwidth in data communications?

<p>Throughput is an actual measurement of data transfer, while bandwidth is a potential measurement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is predominantly used for converting analog signals into digital data?

<p>Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum bandwidth of twisted pair cables?

<p>0 - 100 MHz (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Guided Transmission Media?

<p>Relies on physical conductors for signal transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the formula $S = N x 1 / r$, what does the variable 'N' represent?

<p>The bit rate of the data being transmitted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of coaxial cable is described as inflexible and requires special equipment for connection?

<p>RG-8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of waves is NOT typically associated with un-guided transmission media?

<p>Coaxial cable signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is true for a digital-to-analog conversion process?

<p>It modifies analog signals based on digital data characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding optical fiber cables?

<p>They provide greater bandwidth and longer cable runs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that affects the relationship between baud rate and bit rate?

<p>The number of data elements carried per signal element. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques for Digital-to-Digital conversion may not always be necessary?

<p>Scrambling (C), Block coding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of analog data?

<p>Analog data can take continuous values within a specified range. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of data transmission, what is a key limitation of baseband communication?

<p>It utilizes the full bandwidth of the medium for a single channel. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding un-guided transmission media?

<p>It utilizes electromagnetic waves for transmission. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conversions allows digital data to be sent over long-distance communication links?

<p>Digital-to-Analog conversion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) from Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)?

<p>UTP is primarily identified by a category rating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of line coding in digital signal transmission?

<p>It can directly map binary data to signal shapes. (A), It is mandatory for all digital communication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'r = log_2 L' signify in data transmission?

<p>The ratio of bits to baud rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of stranded twisted pair cables over solid twisted pair cables?

<p>They have a smaller bend radius. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the bandwidth of a composite analog signal defined?

<p>It is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies within the signal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates baud rate from bit rate in analog transmission of digital data?

<p>Baud rate can never exceed bit rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are coaxial cables becoming less popular in data communications?

<p>Better alternatives such as fiber-optic cables are available. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of transmission media, which of the following best defines 'guided media'?

<p>Transmission that requires a physical path for signal propagation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering digital signals, what does the term 'L levels' refer to?

<p>The number of discrete states each signal can represent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of digital signals?

<p>They can represent multiple bits using specific signal levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of fiber-optic cables compared to other guided media?

<p>They use glass or plastic filaments for data transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of encoding does NOT represent the conversion of digital data?

<p>Analog-to-Analog conversion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What category of twisted pair cables is mainly used for indoor applications?

<p>UTP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes periodic analog signals from composite periodic signals?

<p>Periodic analog signals cannot be decomposed into simpler signals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of using baseband transmission for data signals?

<p>It restricts messages to only a single channel within the bandwidth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Baud rate' specifically refer to in data communications?

<p>The number of signal changes or symbols per second. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Analog Data

Continuous data that takes on continuous values.

Digital Data

Data with discrete states and values.

Baseband Transmission

Method of sending a digital signal directly over a medium using the entire bandwidth.

Bandwidth

Difference between highest and lowest frequencies in a composite signal.

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Bits per Level

Number of bits carried by each level in a digital signal.

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Digital Signal

A composite analog signal, periodic or non-periodic, used in digital data transmission

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Baud Rate

The number of signal changes per second

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Data Rate

Number of bits transmitted per second

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Baseband Transmission

A transmission method where the entire bandwidth is used to transmit one signal.

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Broadband Transmission

A transmission method where multiple signals are sent simultaneously using different frequency portions of the bandwidth. It's like multiple lanes on a highway.

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Bandwidth

The range of frequencies a signal occupies.

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Transmission Impairment

The degradation of a signal as it travels through a transmission medium.

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Attenuation

Loss of signal strength as it travels through a medium.

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Distortion

Change in signal shape or form during transmission.

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Noise

Unwanted signals that interfere with the desired signal.

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Decibel (dB)

A unit for measuring the relative strength of signals.

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Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

The ratio of signal power to noise power, indicating how much noise corrupts a signal.

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SNR in dB

Signal-to-noise ratio expressed in decibels (dB), calculated as 10 log10(SNR).

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Data Rate

The speed at which data is transmitted in bits per second (bps).

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Nyquist Bit Rate

Maximum theoretical data rate for a noiseless channel, determined by bandwidth and signal levels.

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Shannon Capacity

Maximum theoretical data rate for a noisy channel, considering bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.

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Bandwidth (in Hertz)

Frequency range of a signal or channel, measured in Hertz.

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Bandwidth (in bps)

Data transmission speed of a channel, measured in bits per second.

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Noise

Unwanted signals that corrupt the intended signal.

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Baud Rate

The number of signal changes per second.

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Bit Rate

The number of bits transmitted per second.

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Throughput

Actual data transmission speed through a network, in bits per second.

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Bandwidth

Potential transmission capacity of a link, in bits per second.

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Converting digital data to analog signals.

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Data Rate vs. Signal Rate

Relationship between bits per second and signal changes per second.

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Analog Transmission

Transmission of analog signals.

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Encoding Types

Different ways to encode/represent data (digital-to-analog, analog-to-analog etc.).

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Analog-to-Analog Conversion

Representing analog information with an analog signal. Needed when a specific frequency band is required or the transmitting medium only allows a certain band.

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Converting an analog signal to digital data for transmission. A common technique is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).

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Digital-to-Digital Conversion

Representing digital data using digital signals. Includes line coding, block coding, and scrambling.

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Unguided Transmission Media

Wireless communication methods that transmit electromagnetic waves without physical wires.

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Guided Transmission Media

Communication methods using physical channels like open wires, coaxial cables, or optical fibers to carry signals.

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Radio Waves

Electromagnetic waves used in wireless LANs (Local Area Networks).

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Microwaves

Electromagnetic waves used for terrestrial and satellite communication.

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Optical Fibers

Thin strands of glass or plastic used for high-speed data transmission.

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Twisted Pair Cable

A type of cable used in data communication, typically used in local area networks (LANs), consisting of two insulated copper wires twisted together.

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UTP

Unshielded Twisted Pair, a common type of twisted pair cable used for indoor data transmission.

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STP

Shielded Twisted Pair, a type of twisted pair cable with a shielding layer to reduce interference, often used in outdoor or noisy environments.

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Bandwidth (Twisted Pair)

The range of frequencies a twisted pair cable can transmit data.

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Coaxial Cable

A type of cable with a central conductor surrounded by insulation and a shield, offering better bandwidth than twisted pair.

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Optical Fiber Cable

A cable using glass or plastic fibers to transmit data at high speeds, often used as a network backbone.

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Bandwidth (Optical Fiber)

The range of frequencies that can be transmitted through an optical fiber.

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Open wire

A type of cable, not often used in data communications

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Analog Data

Continuous data that takes on continuous values.

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Digital Data

Data with discrete states and values.

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Baseband Transmission

Data transmitted directly as digital signals using the entire bandwidth.

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Bandwidth (Freq)

Difference between highest and lowest signal frequencies.

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Bits per level

Number of bits carried by a signal level.

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Digital Signal

Composite analog signal used in digital data transmission.

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Baseband Transmission

Data transmitted as digital signal using entire bandwidth.

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Baseband Transmission

A method of transmitting digital signals directly over a medium, using the whole bandwidth.

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Broadband Transmission

A method of transmitting multiple signals simultaneously over a medium, using different portions of the bandwidth.

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Transmission Impairment

The degradation of a signal as it travels through a transmission medium causing a change in the original signal.

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Attenuation

The loss of signal strength as it travels through a medium.

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Distortion

A change in the signal's shape or form during transmission.

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Noise

Unwanted signals that interfere with the desired signal.

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Decibel (dB)

A unit for measuring the relative strength of two signals or a single signal at different points.

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Bandwidth (in Hertz)

The frequency range of a signal or channel, measured in Hertz.

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Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

The ratio of signal power to noise power, indicating signal purity.

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SNR in dB

Signal-to-noise ratio expressed in decibels (dB).

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Data Rate

The speed at which data is transmitted in bits per second (bps).

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Nyquist Bit Rate

Maximum theoretical data rate for a noiseless channel, calculated by bandwidth and signal levels

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Shannon Capacity

Maximum theoretical data rate for a noisy channel, considering bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.

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Bandwidth (in Hertz)

Frequency range of a signal or channel, measured in Hertz.

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Bandwidth (in bps)

Data transmission speed of a channel, measured in bits per second.

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Noise

Unwanted signals that interfere with the desired signal.

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Baud Rate

Number of signal changes per second.

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Bit Rate

Number of bits transmitted per second.

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Data Rate

How fast data is transmitted.

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Throughput

Actual data transmission rate.

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Bandwidth

Potential transmission capacity.

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Converting digital signals to analog signals.

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Baseband Transmission

Transmitting digital signals directly using the entire bandwidth.

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Broadband Transmission

Transmitting multiple signals simultaneously using different frequencies.

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Analog-to-Analog Conversion

Representing analog information using an analog signal, often needed for specific frequency bands or medium limitations.

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Transforming an analog signal into digital data for transmission, often using Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).

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Digital-to-Digital Conversion

Representing digital data using digital signals, employing techniques like line coding, block coding, and scrambling.

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Unguided Transmission Media

Wireless communication methods that transmit signals without physical wires, using electromagnetic waves.

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Guided Transmission Media

Communication methods using physical channels(e.g. cables) to carry signals, like twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber.

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Radio Waves

Electromagnetic waves used for wireless communication, especially in local area networks (LANs).

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Microwaves

Electromagnetic waves used for terrestrial and satellite communication.

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Optical Fiber

Thin strands of glass or plastic used to carry high-speed data transmission using light.

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Twisted Pair Cable

A type of cable used in data communication, consisting of two insulated copper wires twisted together.

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UTP

Unshielded Twisted Pair, a common type of twisted pair cable mainly used indoors.

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STP

Shielded Twisted Pair, a type of twisted pair cable with a shielding layer to reduce interference and is often used in noisy outdoor environments.

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Twisted Pair Bandwidth

The range of frequencies a twisted pair cable can transmit data.

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Cable Type Bandwidth

The maximum usable bandwidth for different cable types.

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Bandwidth (in MHz)

Frequency range of a signal or channel, measured in Megahertz.

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Coaxial Cable

A type of cable with a central conductor surrounded by insulation and a shield. Offers better bandwidth than twisted pair.

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Optical Fiber Bandwidth

The maximum usable frequency range for optical fiber cables.

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Study Notes

Data Transmission on Physical Media

  • Data can be analog or digital. Analog data are continuous, digital data have discrete values.
  • Signals can be analog (infinite values) or digital (limited values).
  • Periodic analog signals can be simple (sine wave) or composite (multiple sine waves).
  • Bandwidth is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies in a signal.
  • Digital signals can have more than two levels, allowing multiple bits per level to be sent.
  • Encoding methods are used to translate digital data for transmission.
  • Sending one bit per level, or more than one bit per level.
  • Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted per second
  • Baud rate is the number of signal changes per second
  • Data rate depends on bandwidth, signal levels, and channel quality.
  • Baseband transmission sends data as digital signals over the entire bandwidth of the medium.
  • Broadband transmission sends data as analog signals using different frequencies, allowing for simultaneous transmission.
  • Transmission impairments (attenuation, distortion, and noise) affect signal quality during transmission.
  • Attenuation is the loss of signal energy over distance.
  • Distortion changes the shape of the signal.
  • Noise is unwanted signal interference.
  • The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compares wanted signal power to unwanted noise power. Higher SNR means less signal corruption by noise.
  • Throughput is the actual rate of data transmission through a network, always less than bandwidth.
  • Data encoding can be digital-to-analog, analog-to-analog, analog-to-digital, or digital-to-digital conversion.
  • Modulation methods like Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) are used for digital-to-analog conversion.
  • Encoding methods include digital coding, like Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Transmission Media Categories

  • Transmission media are categorized as guided (e.g., twisted-pair, coaxial, fiber optic) and unguided (wireless, e.g., radio waves, microwaves, infrared).
  • Guided media typically have a physical path (cable).
  • Unguided media transmit signals through the air.
  • Bandwidth is the range of frequencies a transmission medium can carry.
  • Twisted-pair cable has low bandwidth (0–100 MHz).
  • Coaxial cable has medium bandwidth (0–600 MHz).
  • Fiber-optic cable has high bandwidth (0–10 GHz).

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Data Transmission on Physical Media PDF

Description

Explore the concepts of data transmission through physical media, encompassing both analog and digital signals. Understand the differences in encoding methods, bandwidth, and transmission rates. This quiz covers essential topics such as bit rate, baud rate, and the distinctions between baseband and broadband transmission.

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