Data Transmission on Physical Media
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between baseband and broadband transmission methods?

Baseband transmission uses the entire bandwidth of the media for a single channel, while broadband allows multiple channels within the same bandwidth.

How does the number of levels in a digital signal affect the number of bits required per level?

The number of bits required per level is calculated as $log_2 L$, where L is the number of levels.

What role does scrambling play in digital communication?

Scrambling is used to randomize the signal for better transmission quality and to help avoid long sequences of zeros or ones.

Define guided transmission media and provide an example.

<p>Guided transmission media refer to physical pathways, like cables, through which signals are transmitted. An example is twisted pair cables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes un-guided transmission media from guided transmission media?

<p>Un-guided transmission media or wireless transmission does not use physical connectors, relying instead on radio waves or infrared signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are line coding techniques, and why are they important in digital communication?

<p>Line coding techniques convert digital data into digital signals suitable for transmission over a communication medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain block coding in the context of data transmission.

<p>Block coding involves adding extra bits to data to create longer code words, which can help in error detection and correction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bandwidth in data transmission?

<p>Bandwidth is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies within a signal and determines the amount of data that can be transmitted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of twisted pair cables used in data communications?

<p>The two main types of twisted pair cables are Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transmission medium offers the highest bandwidth according to the comparison provided?

<p>Optical Fiber Cable offers the highest bandwidth, ranging from 0 to 10 GHz.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using stranded twisted pair cables over solid twisted pair cables?

<p>Stranded cables have a smaller bend radius, allowing them to be used in tighter spaces without loss of performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the cable type that is not used in data communications as mentioned in the content.

<p>Open Wire is not used in data communications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of coaxial cables mentioned, and what is their typical use?

<p>The two types of coaxial cables are Thick net (RG-8 and RG-11) and Thin net (RG-58). They were used in data communications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is fiber-optic cable becoming increasingly popular for LAN applications?

<p>Fiber-optic cable prices have dropped, making it a viable option for LAN uses beyond just high-speed backbone networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bandwidth range for twisted pair cables as stated in the comparison table?

<p>The bandwidth range for twisted pair cables is 0 to 100 MHz.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference in conductor structure between solid and stranded twisted pair cables.

<p>Solid twisted pair cables consist of a single solid wire, while stranded cables are made up of multiple smaller wires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of line coding in digital transmission?

<p>Line coding is used to represent digital data with a digital signal, ensuring that the information can be transmitted efficiently and accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does block coding enhance data transmission?

<p>Block coding enhances data transmission by adding redundant bits to the data, which helps in error detection and correction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two types of guided transmission media and their typical use cases.

<p>Coaxial cable and optical fiber are two types of guided transmission media, commonly used in cable television and high-speed internet, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is scrambling in digital communication, and why is it used?

<p>Scrambling is a technique used to randomize the data sequence to prevent long sequences of zeros or ones, helping in ensuring a more uniform signal and reducing the risk of synchronization issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of un-guided transmission media in modern communications.

<p>Un-guided transmission media use electromagnetic waves to transmit information without physical connectors, facilitating wireless communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the importance of analog-to-digital conversion in data transmission.

<p>Analog-to-digital conversion is crucial because digital signals are generally less susceptible to noise and can be processed and transmitted more efficiently over networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes guided transmission media from un-guided transmission media?

<p>Guided transmission media involve physical pathways like cables and fibers, whereas un-guided media transmit information through air or space using electromagnetic waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one application of microwave transmission in data communication.

<p>Microwave transmission is commonly used for terrestrial and satellite communication, facilitating the transfer of data over long distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the bit rate when required bandwidth increases in baseband transmission?

<p>The bit rate increases as required bandwidth is proportional to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of frequency-division multiplexing in broadband communication.

<p>Frequency-division multiplexing allows multiple transmissions to occur simultaneously by assigning different frequency portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does attenuation refer to in the context of signal transmission?

<p>Attenuation refers to the loss of energy as a signal travels through a medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does distortion affect composite signals during transmission?

<p>Distortion causes changes in the form or shape of the composite signals due to differing propagation speeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does noise play in signal impairment?

<p>Noise contributes to signal impairment by introducing irrelevant signals that alter the original message.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a negative decibel value significant in signal transmission?

<p>A negative decibel value indicates that a signal has experienced attenuation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of having two pathways in broadband communication?

<p>Two pathways are necessary for unidirectional broadband communication to facilitate simultaneous sending and receiving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a method to counteract the effects of attenuation.

<p>Amplifiers are used to counteract the effects of attenuation in signal transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the representation of digital data differ from analog data?

<p>Digital data has discrete values, while analog data is continuous with an infinite number of possible values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bandwidth in composite periodic analog signals?

<p>The bandwidth represents the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies contained in the signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In baseband transmission, how is data sent through the transmission media?

<p>Data is sent as digital signals through a single channel using the entire bandwidth of the media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) indicate about a signal?

<p>A high SNR indicates that the signal is less corrupted by noise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mathematical relationship defines the number of bits required per level in a digital signal?

<p>The number of bits per level is given by the formula log2(L), where L is the number of levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of data transmission, how does increasing bandwidth affect data rate?

<p>Increasing bandwidth allows for a higher data rate, measured in bits per second.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can’t frequency-division multiplexing be used in baseband transmission?

<p>Baseband transmission uses the entire bandwidth for a single channel, not allowing simultaneous multiple channel frequencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Nyquist bit rate used for noiseless channels, and what is its formula?

<p>The Nyquist bit rate is used for noiseless channels to define the maximum theoretical bit rate as $Bit Rate = 2 imes bandwidth imes log_2 L$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a composite periodic analog signal?

<p>A composite periodic analog signal is made up of multiple sine waves and has a defined bandwidth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the relationship between Shannon capacity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

<p>Shannon capacity is defined as $Bit Rate = bandwidth imes log_2 (1 + SNR)$, linking data rate to SNR in noisy channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of levels in digital signals regarding data transmission capacity?

<p>More levels in a digital signal enable the transmission of multiple bits per signal state, increasing data capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the nature of digital signals in terms of their frequency range.

<p>Digital signals can be classified as composite analog signals with frequencies extending from zero to infinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limits the number of signal levels L in increasing the bit rate according to the Nyquist formula?

<p>Practical limitations arise due to increased complexity for the receiver, potentially reducing system reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what two contexts is the term bandwidth used in networking?

<p>Bandwidth is used to describe both the range of frequencies in a composite signal and the speed of bit transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the bandwidth of a channel can impact signal transmission quality.

<p>Bandwidth affects the amount of data that can be transmitted simultaneously, influencing overall transmission speed and reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of measuring SNR in decibels (SNRdB)?

<p>Measuring SNR in decibels provides a logarithmic scale that simplifies the representation of large power ratios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between baud rate and bit rate in analog transmission?

<p>The baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate in analog transmission of digital data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the formula $S = \frac{N}{r}$ in the context of baud rate.

<p>In this formula, $S$ represents the baud rate, $N$ is the bit rate, and $r$ defines the ratio of the number of data elements carried in one signal element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does throughput differ from bandwidth?

<p>Throughput is the actual measurement of data successfully transmitted, while bandwidth is a potential measurement of a link's capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of signal encoding mentioned, and why is encoding important?

<p>The four types are Digital-to-Analog, Analog-to-Analog, Analog-to-Digital, and Digital-to-Digital conversion; encoding is important for compatibility between digital data and analog transmission media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define what a modem does in the context of digital-to-analog conversion.

<p>A modem converts digital data into an analog signal for transmission over phone lines and vice versa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ratio $r$ represent in the context of baud rate calculations?

<p>The ratio $r$ represents the number of data elements carried in one signal element, calculated as $r = \log_2 L$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it critical to aim for higher data rates while decreasing signal rates?

<p>Higher data rates increase transmission speed, while lower signal rates reduce bandwidth requirements, making communication more efficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the digital-to-analog conversion technique in communication?

<p>Digital-to-analog conversion allows digital data to be transmitted over analog media, facilitating long-distance communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structural difference between UTP and STP cables affect their application in different environments?

<p>STP cables are shielded to reduce electromagnetic interference, making them suitable for outdoor and special environments, while UTP cables, being unshielded, are predominantly used in indoor settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the drop in the price of fiber-optic cables is significant for LAN applications.

<p>The decline in fiber-optic cable prices allows for their adoption in smaller networks, enhancing data transmission speed and bandwidth capabilities in LAN applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technical characteristics make coaxial cables less common in modern data communications?

<p>Coaxial cables require specialized equipment for connectivity and have been largely replaced by more efficient and higher-bandwidth options like fiber-optic cables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the implications of using solid versus stranded twisted pair cables in networking environments.

<p>Solid cables offer better performance over longer distances, while stranded cables have advantages in flexibility and handling, making them suitable for changeable setups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the larger bandwidth capacity of optical fiber cables compared to twisted pair cables?

<p>Optical fibers use light for data transmission, allowing significant bandwidth and speed, whereas twisted pair cables transmit electrical signals, limiting their capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyze how the bend radius of cables can impact network installations.

<p>Cables with a smaller bend radius, like stranded cables, can be easily maneuvered around tight spaces, reducing the risk of damage and installation complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflect on the importance of the 0-100 MHz bandwidth range for twisted pair cables in data communications.

<p>The 0-100 MHz bandwidth range allows twisted pair cables to support various data transmission rates, making them suitable for typical network tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are two types of coaxial cables, thick net and thin net, distinguished in use?

<p>Thick net cables are more robust for network backbones while thin net cables provide more flexibility for connecting individual devices in a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for modulating an analog signal if it is already analog?

<p>Modulation is needed to adapt the signal for a band pass medium or channel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is commonly used to convert an analog signal to digital data before transmission?

<p>Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is commonly used for this conversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three techniques involved in digital-to-digital conversion?

<p>The three techniques are line coding, block coding, and scrambling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can you name a type of un-guided transmission medium and its typical application?

<p>Radio waves are a type of un-guided transmission medium used in Wireless LANs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of guided transmission medium uses light waves to transmit data?

<p>Optical fiber uses light waves for data transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of data transmission, what is the main characteristic that distinguishes guided media from un-guided media?

<p>Guided media use physical conductors to transport signals, while un-guided media transmit electromagnetic waves without a physical medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one of the three types of wireless media used in un-guided transmission.

<p>Microwaves are one of the types of wireless media used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Pulse Code Modulation from other analog-to-digital conversion techniques?

<p>Pulse Code Modulation quantizes and encodes the amplitude of analog signals into discrete digital values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Analog-to-Analog Conversion

Representing analog information using an analog signal.

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Changing an analog signal into digital data.

Digital-to-Digital Conversion

Representing digital data using digital signals.

Un-Guided Transmission Media

Wireless communication using electromagnetic waves without physical conductors.

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Guided Transmission Media

Data transmission using physical conductors.

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Radio waves

Electromagnetic waves used for Wireless LANs (WLANs).

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Microwaves

Electromagnetic waves used for terrestrial and satellite communication.

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Optical Fiber

A type of guided transmission medium using light.

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Analog Data

Continuous data that takes on a range of values.

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Digital Data

Data with discrete states; it takes on specific values.

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Baseband Transmission

Digital signals sent directly over the transmission medium.

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Bandwidth

Difference between the highest and lowest frequencies in a signal.

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Data rate

The rate at which data is transmitted, measured in bits per second.

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Baud rate

Rate at which signal changes, different from the data rate in terms of bits transmitted per change.

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Digital signal levels

Number of different voltage/intensity levels for transmitting more than 1 bit per signal change.

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Composite Analog signal

Analog signal made by combining several simpler signals (sine waves).

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Twisted Pair Cable

A type of wired network cable used for transmitting data that consists of two insulated copper wires twisted around each other.

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UTP

Unshielded twisted pair; a type of twisted pair cable that lacks shielding around the wires.

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STP

Shielded twisted pair; a type of twisted pair cable that has a protective shielding around the wires.

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Bandwidth (Network)

The amount of data that can be transmitted over a network connection in a given time.

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Bandwidth Comparison (Guided Media)

Different network cables have different maximum data transmission rates (bandwidth).

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Coaxial Cable

A type of guided transmission medium for data communications using a central conductor surrounded by an insulating layer, a conductive shield and an outer cover.

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Optical Fiber Cable

A type of guided transmission medium using light to transmit data. It's generally better for long-distance transmissions and high bandwidth.

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Network Cable Types

Different cables like twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic are used for network connections due to their differing properties of bandwidth, cost, and physical characteristics. 

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Analog Data

Continuous data that takes on a range of values.

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Digital Data

Data with discrete states; it takes on specific values.

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Baseband Transmission

Digital signals sent directly over the transmission medium without changing the frequency.

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Bandwidth

Difference between the highest and lowest frequencies in a signal.

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Data Rate

The rate at which data is transmitted (bits per second).

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Baud Rate

Rate of signal changes, not necessarily the same as data rate.

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Digital Signal Levels

Number of different voltage/intensity levels to transmit more than 1 bit per signal change.

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Composite Analog Signal

Analog signal made from combining several simpler signals (sine waves).

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Baseband Transmission

Digital signals sent directly over the transmission medium.

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Broadband Transmission

Information sent as an analog signal; multiple transmissions possible simultaneously.

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Transmission Impairment

Signal changes during transmission due to imperfection of the media.

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Attenuation

Loss of signal energy during transmission.

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Distortion

Change in signal shape or form during transmission.

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Noise

Unwanted signals added to the transmitted signal.

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Bandwidth (transmission)

The range of frequencies used for transmission of signals.

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Decibel (dB)

A unit for measuring the relative strength of signals or the power difference between signals.

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Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

The ratio of signal power to noise power, measured in decibels (dB).

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SNRdB

Signal-to-Noise Ratio in decibels (dB), a logarithmic scale representation of SNR.

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Data Rate

The speed at which data is transmitted in bits per second (bps).

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Nyquist Bit Rate

Maximum theoretical data rate for a noiseless channel, depends on bandwidth and signal levels.

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Shannon Capacity

Maximum theoretical data rate for a noisy channel, depends on bandwidth and SNR.

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Bandwidth (in Hertz)

The range of frequencies a channel can pass, usually measured in Hz.

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Bandwidth (in bits/sec)

The transmission speed of data in bits/second.

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Noise Types

Different types of noise like thermal, impulse, crosstalk noise which corrupts a signal.

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Baud Rate

The rate at which signal elements are transmitted per second.

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Analog-to-Analog Conversion

Representing analog information using analog signals.

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Bit Rate

The number of bits transmitted per second.

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Changing an analog signal into digital data.

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Data Rate

The rate at which data is transmitted, measured in bits per second.

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Un-Guided Transmission Media

Wireless transmission using electromagnetic waves.

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Throughput

Actual data transmission rate over a network; always less than bandwidth.

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Guided Transmission Media

Data transmission using physical conductors(wires).

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Radio Waves (Wireless LANs)

Electromagnetic waves used in wireless networks.

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Bandwidth

The potential data transmission rate over a network.

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Converting digital data into an analog signal.

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Microwaves (Communication)

Electromagnetic waves for terrestrial and satellite communication.

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Categories of Transmission Media

Transmission media are divided into guided and unguided types.

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Analog Signal

A continuous signal that varies over time.

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Digital Data

Data represented by discrete values, like 0 and 1.

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Relationship Between Baud and Bit Rate

S = N x 1/r; where S = baud, N = bit rate, and r = ratio between bits and signal elements.

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Twisted Pair Cable

A type of wired network cable made of two insulated copper wires twisted around each other.

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UTP

Unshielded Twisted Pair; a type of twisted pair cable without a protective shield around the wires.

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STP

Shielded Twisted Pair; a type of twisted pair cable with a protective shield around the wires.

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Bandwidth (Network)

The amount of data a network connection can transmit.

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Bandwidth (Guided Media)

Maximum data transmission rates of different wired connections(cables).

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Coaxial Cable

A cable with a central conductor surrounded by insulation, a shield, and an outer cover. Often used for high-bandwidth applications, but less common now than fiber.

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Optical Fiber Cable

A cable that uses light to transmit data, offering high bandwidth and long range capabilities, often used as the backbone of large networks.

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Cable Type Comparison

Different cables have different bandwidth capacities (data transmission rates).

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Study Notes

Data Transmission on Physical Media

  • Data can be analog or digital. Analog data are continuous, digital data are discrete.
  • Signals can be analog or digital. Analog signals have infinite values, digital signals have limited values.
  • Periodic analog signals can be simple (sine wave) or composite (multiple sine waves).
  • Bandwidth is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies in a composite signal.
  • Digital signals can have multiple levels, allowing the transmission of more than one bit per level.
  • Number of bits per level = logâ‚‚ (number of levels).
  • Baseband transmission uses the entire bandwidth for a single channel, unidirectional, no frequency division multiplexing.
  • Broadband transmission uses different parts of the spectrum for different channels, bidirectional, frequency division multiplexing is possible.
  • Data rate is the number of bits transmitted per second.
  • Transmission impairments include attenuation (loss of energy), distortion (change in signal shape), and noise (unwanted signals).
  • Decibels (dB) measure the relative strength of signals.
  • Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is the ratio of signal power to noise power, higher is better.
  • Nyquist bit rate is the theoretical maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel (2 * bandwidth * logâ‚‚(L) where L is the number of signal levels).
  • Shannon capacity is the theoretical maximum bit rate for a noisy channel (bandwidth * logâ‚‚(1 + SNR)).
  • Bandwidth, in networking, refers also to the range of frequencies a channel can pass, and the speed of bits transmission.
  • Baud rate is the number of signal changes per second.
  • Throughput is the actual data transmission rate (in bits per second) through a network, which is usually lower than the bandwidth.
  • Digital-to-analog conversion changes digital data into analog signals.
  • Analog-to-analog conversion changes one type of analog signal into another.
  • Analog-to-digital conversion changes analog signals into digital data.

Transmission Media Categories

  • Transmission media are categorized as guided (wired) and unguided (wireless).
  • Guided media includes twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and twisted pair.
  • Unguided media includes radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves.
  • Bandwidths for different types of guided media vary.

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Data Transmission on Physical Media PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in data transmission over physical media, including the differences between analog and digital data and signals. It explores topics such as bandwidth, baseband and broadband transmission, and the implications of transmission impairments. Test your knowledge on how data is transmitted and the fundamental principles behind it.

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