Data Analysis for Climate Change Trends
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Data Analysis for Climate Change Trends

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Questions and Answers

What does temperature anomaly indicate?

  • The fluctuation in temperature over time
  • The normal temperature for all regions
  • How much warmer or colder a temperature is compared to normal (correct)
  • The average temperature of the Earth

    • The 30-year period considered 'normal' for temperature anomalies is 1961-1990.

    False

    What time frame does the plotted data for average temperature anomalies cover?

    1880-2016

    The line chart for January shows the average temperature anomaly in the __________ hemisphere.

    <p>northern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following commands with their purpose:

    <p>plot = Create a line chart abline = Add a horizontal line text = Add text to the plot title = Set the title of the chart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command is used to label the vertical axis for annual temperature anomalies?

    <p>ylab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Annual average temperature anomalies were plotted with the same axis labels used for monthly averages.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant concern is highlighted regarding climate change?

    <p>Risk of more extreme events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which time period shows the highest mean summer temperature?

    <p>1981-2010</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The standard deviation of summer temperatures decreased from the period 1951-1980 to 1981-2010.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used to create a data frame containing the mean and standard deviation of summer temperatures from the different periods?

    <p>table_mean_sd=data.frame(mean=mean(temp21_50$JJA),sd=sd(temp21_50$JJA))</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The standard deviation for the summer period 1921-1950 is ______.

    <p>0.1459</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following time periods with their corresponding summer temperature standard deviations:

    <p>1921-1950 = 0.1459 1951-1980 = 0.1197 1981-2010 = 0.2610</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the default name of the temperature data file to be downloaded from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies?

    <p>NH.Ts+dSST.csv</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temperature anomalies reflect absolute temperatures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one research question mentioned in the content.

    <p>Is climate change really happening?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The government is concerned that climate change will result in more frequent __________ events.

    <p>extreme weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the columns labelled DJF, MAM, JJA, and SON represent in the dataset?

    <p>Seasonal averages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The temperature data can be imported into R using the command: tempdata = read.csv('NHTemp.csv',skip=1,na.strings = '***').

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the concern for more extreme weather events according to the content?

    <p>Climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the seasons with their abbreviations:

    <p>Winter = DJF Spring = MAM Summer = JJA Autumn = SON</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which time period exhibited the highest mean summer temperature based on the analysis?

    <p>1981-2010</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The standard deviation of summer temperatures increased from the period 1951-1980 to 1981-2010.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used as a measure of temperature variability according to the content?

    <p>Standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The government might need to invest more in mitigating the effects of __________ weather events.

    <p>extreme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the time periods with their corresponding summer temperature standard deviations:

    <p>1921-1950 = 0.1459 1951-1980 = 0.1197 1981-2010 = 0.2610</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal period used for calculating temperature anomalies?

    <p>1951-1980</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temperature anomalies indicate temperatures that are lower than the average.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which month does the provided command plot average temperature anomalies?

    <p>January</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'temperature anomalies' refers to how much warmer or colder the temperature is than normal for a particular place and time, typically compared to the average of __________.

    <p>1951-1980</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following temperature anomaly periods with their expected trends:

    <p>1951-1980 = Temperature anomalies closer to 0 1981-2010 = Increase in temperature anomalies 1880-2016 = Long-term temperature trend January = Monthly temperature fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is used in the line chart to represent annual temperature anomalies?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average temperature anomaly in January is plotted against the year 1880.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant concern is raised regarding climate change in the content?

    <p>Increased risk of more extreme weather events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of the government regarding climate change?

    <p>More frequent extreme weather events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temperature anomalies are measured as absolute temperature values.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the default name of the temperature data file to be downloaded from NASA’s website?

    <p>NH.Ts+dSST.csv</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The research question addressing the occurrence of climate change is titled __________.

    <p>RQ1: Is climate change really happening?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the seasons with their respective abbreviations:

    <p>Winter = DJF Spring = MAM Summer = JJA Autumn = SON</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used to read the temperature data into R?

    <p>tempdata = read.csv('NHTemp.csv', skip=1, na.strings='***')</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The columns labelled DJF, MAM, JJA, and SON in the dataset contain monthly data.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What methodology is suggested for investigating temperature distributions?

    <p>Using a New York Times article on temperature data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Analysis

    • Topic: Data analysis for climate change

    • Source: Michele Pezzoni

    • Purpose: Analyze temperature data to investigate climate change trends.

    • Research Questions:

      • RQ1: Is climate change really happening?
      • RQ2: Will weather become more extreme as a result of climate change?

    • Data Source Retrieval: Retrieve temperature data from NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies website (https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/).

    • Data Sources: Global and Hemispheric Monthly Means and Zonal Annual Means, including combined Land-Surface Air and Sea-Surface Water Temperature anomalies.

      • Global-mean, monthly, seasonal, and annual means, 1880-present (TXT, CSV)
      • Northern Hemisphere-mean data, 1880-present (TXT, CSV)
      • Southern Hemisphere-mean data, 1880-present (TXT, CSV)
      • Zonal annual means, 1880-present (TXT, CSV)

    • Data Import into R:

      • Use the command setwd("YOURFILEPATH") to set the working directory.
      • Use tempdata = read.csv("NHTemp.csv", skip=1, na.strings = "***") to import the data set into R. (Alternatively, use the import data tool within RStudio).
      • Convert tempdata to a data frame tempdata=data.frame(tempdata).
      • Use the command head(tempdata) and str(tempdata) to check the format and content of the imported data.

    • Temperature Anomalies: Temperature data is measured as anomalies (deviations from the average).

      • Normal temperature is the average over the 30-year period 1951-1980 for the particular location and time of year.

    • Plotting Temperature Data:

      • Plot a line chart of average monthly temperature anomaly (e.g., January) from 1880-2016.
      • Label axes with meaningful titles and include a suitable title for the chart.
      • Incorporate a horizontal line representing the 1951-1980 average.

    • Plotting Annual Average Temperature Anomalies:

      • Plot a line chart of annual average temperature anomalies from 1880-2016.
      • Label axes with meaningful titles and include a suitable title for the chart.
      • Incorporate a horizontal line representing the 1951-1980 average.

    • Plotting Summer Temperature Distribution:

      • Create three new datasets for 1921-1950, 1951-1980, and 1981-2010.
      • Plot histograms of the summer temperature (JJA) anomalies for each time period.

    • Quantiles:

      • Use R's quantile function to find the 3rd and 7th deciles for the 1951-1980 period.
      • Analyze the number of anomalies considered "hot" (above the 70th decile) for 1981-2010 period and calculate the percentage.

    • Standard Deviation:

      • Assess temperature variability (e.g., summer) using the standard deviation for 1921-1950, 1951-1980, and 1981-2010.
      • Compare standard deviations across different time periods to identify trends in temperature variability.

    Conclusion

    • Determine whether or not to recommend increased government spending to mitigate the effects of extreme weather events, based on the analyses.

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    Related Documents

    Data Analysis on Climate Change PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on analyzing temperature data related to climate change, inspired by the work of Michele Pezzoni. Participants will explore questions about the reality and extremity of climate change while working with data from NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies. It emphasizes practical skills in data retrieval and importing into R.

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