d-Block Elements in Health and Industry

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Questions and Answers

What happens to the valence s-electrons in a d-block atom when it becomes a cation?

The valence s-electrons are lost first before any d-electrons.

How many oxidation states can manganese exhibit and why is it considered a good oxidizing agent?

Manganese can exhibit seven oxidation states, and MnO4– is a good oxidizing agent due to its +7 oxidation state.

What factor contributes to the atomic radii of Period 6 elements being comparable to those in Period 5?

The lanthanide contraction contributes to the atomic radii of Period 6 elements being comparable to those in Period 5.

Which d-block element is known as the best electrical conductor?

Gold (Au) is known as the best electrical conductor. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the general properties of d-block elements.

D-block elements are metals that are usually malleable, ductile, lustrous, and have high melting and boiling points. Signup and view all the answers

Why do Period 6 d-block elements have relatively high densities?

Period 6 d-block elements have relatively high densities due to their larger atomic masses and closely packed structures. Signup and view all the answers

How do ionization energies change across Period 4 from Sc to Fe?

Ionization energies increase across Period 4 from Sc to Fe due to the increase in nuclear charge. Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxidation state of zinc in its compounds?

Zinc has an oxidation state of +2 in its compounds. Signup and view all the answers

How does the atomic radius of iron compare to that of scandium, and why?

Iron has a smaller atomic radius than scandium due to the increasing nuclear charge and poor shielding of the d-electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of first ionization energies for d-block elements?

First ionization energies indicate the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from gaseous atoms. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the trend in atomic radii for elements in Periods 5 and 6.

The atomic radii of elements in Period 6 are similar to those in Period 5 despite having larger atomic masses. Signup and view all the answers

What would be the oxidation number of chromium in chromate ions (CrO4^2-)?

The oxidation number of chromium in chromate ions is +6. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the unique arrangement of electrons in d-block elements?

D-block elements have d-electrons in their penultimate shell, specifically filling the 3d or 4d orbitals. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the nuclear charge play in the trend of ionization energies across periods?

The increasing nuclear charge across periods results in a stronger attraction between the nucleus and electrons, raising ionization energies. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the atomic mass relationship between elements in Period 5 and Period 6.

The atomic masses of Period 6 elements are about twice as large as those of Period 5 elements. Signup and view all the answers

Which two elements at the ends of each d-block row possess only one oxidation state other than 0, and what are their states?

Scandium (+3) and zinc (+2) possess only one oxidation state other than 0. Signup and view all the answers

Explain why elements towards the left and in lower rows of the d-block are more likely to form compounds with higher oxidation numbers.

These elements typically have fewer d-electrons, allowing for higher oxidation numbers when reacting. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of lanthanide contraction.

Lanthanide contraction is the phenomenon where the atomic and ionic sizes decrease from La to Lu due to ineffective shielding by f-electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical values of first ionization energies for transition metals in Period 4?

First ionization energies for transition metals in Period 4 range from about 632 kJ/mol for Sc to 762 kJ/mol for Fe. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that defines d-block elements in terms of their electron configurations?

d-block elements have electron configurations where the d-orbitals are being occupied. Signup and view all the answers

List two key roles that d-block elements play in pharmaceuticals.

d-block elements are used as catalysts and are essential in the formulation of multi-vitamin preparations. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the European Union Recommended Daily Amount (% EU RDA) for d-block elements in vitamin preparations.

The % EU RDA indicates the amount of each d-block element in a vitamin tablet as a percentage of the recommended daily intake. Signup and view all the answers

Identify one d-block element used in aerospace technology and explain its importance.

Titanium (Ti) is used in aerospace technology due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. Signup and view all the answers

Which two precious metals from the d-block are commonly used in jewelry and why?

Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au) are commonly used in jewelry due to their aesthetic appeal and resistance to tarnishing. Signup and view all the answers

What role do d-block elements play in the development of catalysts?

d-block elements, like vanadium (V), are used in catalysts to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the oxidation states commonly exhibited by d-block elements.

d-block elements exhibit a wide range of oxidation numbers, typically from +1 to +7. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using ferrous fumarate in multi-vitamin preparations?

Ferrous fumarate provides an essential source of iron, which is important for preventing iron deficiency anemia. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how potassium citrate functions as an ingredient in infant formula.

Potassium citrate is used to maintain electrolyte balance and support proper muscle and nerve function. Signup and view all the answers

Name a d-block element that is utilized for its antimicrobial properties in pharmaceuticals and describe its use.

Copper (Cu) is used for its antimicrobial properties and is often included in formulations to prevent infection. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

d-Block Elements

30 elements
Form numerous complexes
Used extensively as catalysts
Exhibit a wide range of oxidation numbers
Found in periods 4, 5 and 6

Multi-Vitamin Preparations

d-Block elements are essential for human health and are found in multi-vitamin preparations.
Examples of d-block elements found in multivitamins include Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe) and Copper (Cu).
The percentage of the European Union Recommended Daily Amount is listed for each element in the tablet

Infant Formula

Infant formula includes d-Block elements like potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, iodine, and selenium.
These elements are crucial for a baby's development.

Uses of d-Block Elements

d-Block elements are essential for various industries:
- Construction (Iron, Fe, and Copper, Cu)
- New technology (Titanium, Ti, for aerospace and Vanadium, V, for catalysts)
- Precious metals (Silver, Ag, Platinum, Pt, and Gold, Au)
- Pharmaceuticals (Vanadium, V, Chromium, Cr, Manganese, Mn, Iron, Fe, Cobalt, Co, Nickel, Ni, Copper, Cu, Zinc, Zn, Molybdenum, Mo, Silver, Ag, Gold, Au, Technetium, Tc, and Platinum, Pt)

Electron Configurations

d-Block elements are called transitions metals because their electron configurations involve the filling of d-orbitals.
The d-electrons are more strongly bound than the valence s-electrons
When a d-block atom forms a cation, the valence s-electrons are removed first, followed by a variable number of d-electrons
Iron as an example:
- Fe (iron) – [Ar]3d64s2
- Fe2+ (Fe(II), ferrous) – [Ar]3d6
- Fe3+ (Fe(III), ferric) – [Ar]3d5

Properties of d-Block Elements

Each row of the d-block contains 10 elements because there are 5 d-orbitals that can hold up to 2 electrons each.
All d-block elements are metals.
Gold (Au) is the best electrical conductor.
They are generally malleable, ductile, lustrous, silver-white and have relatively high melting and boiling points.
Exceptions:
- Mercury (Hg) is liquid at room temperature.
- Copper (Cu) is red-brown.
- Gold (Au) is yellow.

Oxidation Numbers

Most d-block elements have multiple oxidation numbers.
Exceptions include elements at the end of each row:
- Zinc (Zn) – oxidation number +2
- Cadmium (Cd) – oxidation number +2
Elements close to the center of the d-block have the widest range of oxidation numbers, with manganese (Mn) displaying seven different states.
Elements further left and in the second and third rows tend to form compounds with higher oxidation numbers.
The oxidation number helps explain the properties of d-block compounds.

Atomic Radii

Atomic radii decrease from Scandium (Sc) to Nickel (Ni).
This pattern is caused by the increase in nuclear charge and poor shielding of the d-electrons.
Iron (Fe) has more d-electrons than Scandium (Sc), but it has a smaller atomic radius.
Atomic radii for the third row elements are similar to those of the second row elements due to the Lanthanide contraction.

Densities

Elements in period 6 have relatively high densities.
Osmium (Os) and Iridium (Ir) have the highest densities:
- Osmium (Os) - 22.61 g/cm3 (Row 3, Period 6, 6th element)
- Iridium (Ir) - 22.65 g/cm3 (Row 3, Period 6, 7th element)
The significant density difference between period 6 elements and those in periods 4 and 5 is due to the larger atomic mass of period 6 elements despite their similar atomic radii.

First Ionisation Energies

First ionisation energy is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an atom in a mole of gaseous atoms.
It is measured in Kilojoules per mole (kJ.mol-1).
Ionisation energy increases from left to right across the periodic table because of the increasing nuclear charge.
Second and third row elements follow a similar trend to first row elements in terms of atomic radii and ionisation energies.

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Description

Explore the significance of d-Block elements in both human health and various industries. This quiz covers their roles in multi-vitamin preparations, infant formula, and technological applications, highlighting essential elements like Zinc, Iron, and Copper. Test your knowledge on how these versatile elements impact our lives and industries.