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Questions and Answers
What is the normal range for the number of leukocytes (WBCs) in a microliter (µL) of blood?
What is the normal range for the number of leukocytes (WBCs) in a microliter (µL) of blood?
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Which type of leukocyte is characterized by a multilobed nucleus and pale pink specific granules?
Which type of leukocyte is characterized by a multilobed nucleus and pale pink specific granules?
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What is the primary function of eosinophils?
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
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Which leukocytes are classified as agranulocytes?
Which leukocytes are classified as agranulocytes?
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What is the approximate percentage of lymphocytes among the total WBCs in blood?
What is the approximate percentage of lymphocytes among the total WBCs in blood?
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Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for humoral immunity (antibody-based immunity)?
Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for humoral immunity (antibody-based immunity)?
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What is the largest type of white blood cell?
What is the largest type of white blood cell?
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Which cells are responsible for presenting antigens to T helper cells, leading to adaptive immunity?
Which cells are responsible for presenting antigens to T helper cells, leading to adaptive immunity?
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In granulopoiesis, at which stage do specific granules (neutrophilic, basophilic, or eosinophilic) start to appear?
In granulopoiesis, at which stage do specific granules (neutrophilic, basophilic, or eosinophilic) start to appear?
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Where do T-lymphoblasts migrate to complete their maturation and acquire surface proteins characteristic of mature T-lymphocytes?
Where do T-lymphoblasts migrate to complete their maturation and acquire surface proteins characteristic of mature T-lymphocytes?
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A patient presents with a bacterial infection. Which type of leukocyte would you expect to see in increased numbers in their blood smear?
A patient presents with a bacterial infection. Which type of leukocyte would you expect to see in increased numbers in their blood smear?
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Which of the following statements about neutrophils is INCORRECT?
Which of the following statements about neutrophils is INCORRECT?
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Basophils and mast cells share similarities in their function and granule content. Which of the following is NOT found in the granules of both cell types?
Basophils and mast cells share similarities in their function and granule content. Which of the following is NOT found in the granules of both cell types?
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Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for directly killing virus-infected cells and cancer cells?
Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for directly killing virus-infected cells and cancer cells?
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What is the role of memory cells in the immune system?
What is the role of memory cells in the immune system?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of small lymphocytes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of small lymphocytes?
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Monocytes differentiate into various cells in the connective tissue. Which of the following is NOT derived from monocytes?
Monocytes differentiate into various cells in the connective tissue. Which of the following is NOT derived from monocytes?
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What happens to the nucleus during the maturation of granulocytes from myeloblast to mature cell?
What happens to the nucleus during the maturation of granulocytes from myeloblast to mature cell?
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Which cells are considered antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Which cells are considered antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
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During granulopoiesis, at which stage do non-specific granules (azurophilic granules) first appear?
During granulopoiesis, at which stage do non-specific granules (azurophilic granules) first appear?
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Which of the following events occur during the development of monocytes from monoblast to mature monocyte?
Which of the following events occur during the development of monocytes from monoblast to mature monocyte?
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Where does the maturation of B-lymphocytes take place?
Where does the maturation of B-lymphocytes take place?
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What is the function of T helper cells in the immune system?
What is the function of T helper cells in the immune system?
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Which type of leukocyte has a lifespan ranging from weeks to years?
Which type of leukocyte has a lifespan ranging from weeks to years?
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Which of the following statements regarding the granules in white blood cells is TRUE?
Which of the following statements regarding the granules in white blood cells is TRUE?
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Study Notes
Normal Ranges and Types of Leukocytes
- Normal leukocyte (WBC) count ranges from 4,000 to 11,000 per microliter (µL) of blood.
- Neutrophils have a multilobed nucleus and pale pink specific granules, making them identifiable.
Functions of Leukocytes
- Eosinophils primarily act against parasites and are involved in allergic reactions.
- Lymphocytes encompass B-lymphocytes (responsible for humoral immunity) and T-lymphocytes (involved in cell-mediated immunity).
Leukocyte Classification
- Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes, which lack specific granules.
- Lymphocytes constitute about 20-40% of the total WBC count.
Major White Blood Cells
- Monocytes are the largest type of WBC, differentiating into macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells.
- Neutrophils are key players in the immune response against acute bacterial infections.
Stages of Cell Development
- In granulopoiesis, specific granules appear at the myelocyte stage.
- T-lymphoblasts mature in the thymus gland, acquiring surface proteins essential for their function.
Immune Response Mechanisms
- In infections, neutrophils are the predominant responding WBC to bacterial pathogens.
- Cytotoxic T cells kill infected or cancerous cells directly.
Unique Cell Characteristics
- Memory cells provide rapid immune responses upon re-exposure to antigens, enhancing defense mechanisms.
- Small lymphocytes are characterized by small, spherical nuclei with condensed chromatin.
Monocyte Differentiation
- Monocytes can develop into several cell types, including macrophages and osteoclasts; neutrophils are not derived from them.
- During maturation, the monocyte's nucleus becomes slightly indented to take a kidney shape.
Granulocyte Development
- Azurophilic granules (non-specific) first appear at the promyelocyte stage.
- Granules in WBCs include specific granules (unique to each type) and non-specific granules (lysosomes present in all granulocytes).
B and T Lymphocyte Maturation
- B-lymphocyte maturation occurs in the bone marrow, contrasting T-lymphocyte development which happens in the thymus.
- T helper cells release interleukins, facilitating the activation of other immune cell types.
Longevity of Leukocytes
- Lymphocytes may have a lifespan extending from weeks to years, unlike other WBCs which generally have shorter lifespans.
Granule Composition and Functionality
- Basophils and mast cells have overlapping functions and granule compositions, excluding major basic protein (MBP) which is specific to eosinophils.
- Specific granules in eosinophils are stained red with acidic stains, differentiating them from other leukocytes.
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