Cytokines and Interleukins in Immune Activation

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Which of the following is NOT a function of type I interferons?

Blocking the production of IL-12 (correct)

Strongly inhibiting the induction of IFN-γ

Enhancing the expression of MHC class I proteins

Activating natural killer cells

What is the primary function of the innate immune response?

To activate leukocytes and induce inflammatory processes.

To eliminate the infection through a network of cytokine expression.

To satisfy the three criteria for classifying cytokines as interleukins.

To recruit effector cells to the area of infection. (correct)

What is the main role of IL-12 in the adaptive immune response?

Inhibiting the activation of T regulatory cells

Inducing the maturation of naïve T cells into the Th2 lineage

Promoting the production of IFN-γ by natural killer cells (correct)

Suppressing the expression of MHC class I proteins

What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

Cytokines are induced during the process of immune activation and regulate leukocyte activity. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three criteria that must be satisfied for a cytokine to be classified as an interleukin?

The cytokine must be induced in leukocytes, have its biological activities in inflammatory processes catalogued, and have its gene cloned. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical use of IFN-α?

Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma Signup and view all the answers

How are cytokines named?

Cytokines are named based on the types of cells from which they were first isolated. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of Th2 cells in the adaptive immune response?

Inducing oral tolerance to bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of Treg cells in the adaptive immune response?

Suppressing immune responses to self-antigens and maintaining tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between cytokines and the innate immune response?

Cytokines are induced during the innate immune response and regulate leukocyte activity, leading to the elimination of the infection. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cytokines is primarily secreted by T helper (Th) cells in the adaptive immune response?

IL-12 Signup and view all the answers

How does the innate immune response differ from the adaptive immune response?

The innate immune response is nonspecific and occurs within hours of first contact with microorganisms, while the adaptive immune response is specific and takes longer to develop. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Interleukin-10 (IL-10)?

To inhibit the production of IFN-γ by suppressing IL-12 synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of T regulatory (Treg) cells?

They stimulate antigen presentation by dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of T regulatory (Treg) cells?

Establishing tolerance to transplant antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types produces Interleukin-10 (IL-10)?

Monocytes, macrophages, CD8+ T cells, and Th2 CD4+ T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of Interleukin-10 (IL-10)?

To inhibit antigen presentation by macrophages and dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key role of T regulatory (Treg) cells?

To establish tolerance to a wide variety of self-antigens, allergens, and infectious agents Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for almost all the systemic activity of interleukin-1?

Interleukin 1- β Signup and view all the answers

Which interleukin is released only upon cell death to attract inflammatory cells to the site of injury?

Interleukin 1- α Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Interleukin 1-RA (Receptor Antagonist)?

Regulates the response to interleukin 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine induces the production of colony stimulating factors in the bone marrow?

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of Interleukin-6 production?

Lymphoid cell types Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is involved in inducing the production of chemokines and IL-6, aiding leukocytes' entry into inflamed areas?

Interleukin-1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is correct?

IL-6 plays a role in acute phase reactions and adaptive immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary trigger for the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)?

The presence of lipopolysaccharide. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the soluble form of TNF-α is correct?

It is derived from the membrane-bound form by proteolytic cleavage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the membrane-bound form of TNF-α is true?

It mediates cytotoxic and inflammatory effects through cell-to-cell contact. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of TNF-α secreted by activated monocytes and macrophages?

It induces the expression of MHC class II molecules, vascular adhesion molecules, and chemokines. Signup and view all the answers

What can happen when TNF-α is secreted at higher levels?

It can have deleterious systemic effects, leading to septic shock. Signup and view all the answers