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Questions and Answers
What is the size range of a promyelocyte?
What is the size range of a promyelocyte?
Primary granules are formed during the myelocyte stage.
Primary granules are formed during the myelocyte stage.
False
What type of granules are produced first during neutrophil maturation?
What type of granules are produced first during neutrophil maturation?
Primary granules
The _______ is the final stage in which cell division occurs.
The _______ is the final stage in which cell division occurs.
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Match the type of granule with its characteristic:
Match the type of granule with its characteristic:
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Which of the following features is not associated with myeloblasts?
Which of the following features is not associated with myeloblasts?
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Promyelocytes account for 1% to 5% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow.
Promyelocytes account for 1% to 5% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow.
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What is the N:C ratio for a promyelocyte?
What is the N:C ratio for a promyelocyte?
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Which cytokine is primarily responsible for stimulating neutrophil production?
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for stimulating neutrophil production?
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What is a key cytoplasmic feature of late myelocytes?
What is a key cytoplasmic feature of late myelocytes?
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Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can be recognized with a light microscope.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can be recognized with a light microscope.
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The nucleus of a metamyelocyte typically has prominent nucleoli.
The nucleus of a metamyelocyte typically has prominent nucleoli.
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What is the role of cytokines in relation to stem cells?
What is the role of cytokines in relation to stem cells?
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What happens to the primary granules in late myelocytes?
What happens to the primary granules in late myelocytes?
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The type of cell that is the earliest in the neutrophil development process is called a __________.
The type of cell that is the earliest in the neutrophil development process is called a __________.
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Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
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Late myelocytes are somewhat smaller than promyelocytes, measuring between _____ μm.
Late myelocytes are somewhat smaller than promyelocytes, measuring between _____ μm.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine?
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Match the following cell types with their characteristic features:
Match the following cell types with their characteristic features:
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What percentage of nucleated cells in the bone marrow do myelocytes typically represent?
What percentage of nucleated cells in the bone marrow do myelocytes typically represent?
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Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are low in specificity and inactive at low concentrations.
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are low in specificity and inactive at low concentrations.
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Name one characteristic feature of myeloblasts.
Name one characteristic feature of myeloblasts.
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Tertiary granules begin to synthesize during the myelocyte stage.
Tertiary granules begin to synthesize during the myelocyte stage.
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What distinguishes early myelocytes from promyelocytes?
What distinguishes early myelocytes from promyelocytes?
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What is the approximate daily production of neutrophils per kg of body weight?
What is the approximate daily production of neutrophils per kg of body weight?
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Band neutrophils have an indentation less than half the width of the nucleus.
Band neutrophils have an indentation less than half the width of the nucleus.
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What stimulates the release of granulocytes from the bone marrow?
What stimulates the release of granulocytes from the bone marrow?
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The half-life of neutrophils in the blood is approximately ___ hours.
The half-life of neutrophils in the blood is approximately ___ hours.
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Which neutrophil pool is localized to the walls of capillaries in tissues like the liver and lung?
Which neutrophil pool is localized to the walls of capillaries in tissues like the liver and lung?
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The maturation pool in the bone marrow contains roughly ___ cells/kg.
The maturation pool in the bone marrow contains roughly ___ cells/kg.
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The maturation pool in the bone marrow is capable of cell division.
The maturation pool in the bone marrow is capable of cell division.
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Match the following neutrophil pools with their characteristics:
Match the following neutrophil pools with their characteristics:
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What is the primary function of neutrophils?
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
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Neutrophils provide specific protection against reexposure to the same pathogen.
Neutrophils provide specific protection against reexposure to the same pathogen.
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What are the two main processes involved in the seeking action of neutrophils?
What are the two main processes involved in the seeking action of neutrophils?
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Neutrophils undergo _____ when they escape the interior of the blood vessel through the endothelium.
Neutrophils undergo _____ when they escape the interior of the blood vessel through the endothelium.
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Match the following neutrophil functions with their descriptions:
Match the following neutrophil functions with their descriptions:
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What role do CD18 integrins play in neutrophil function?
What role do CD18 integrins play in neutrophil function?
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Chemotactic agents are produced exclusively by microorganisms.
Chemotactic agents are produced exclusively by microorganisms.
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What structure do neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent?
What structure do neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent?
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Study Notes
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
- HSCs are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into various blood cell types.
- Cannot be distinguished using light microscopy and Romanowsky staining.
Cytokines and Growth Factors
- A diverse group of soluble proteins that modulate cell activities, often referred to interchangeably as growth factors.
- Most cytokines are glycoproteins responsible for stimulation or inhibition of blood cell production, differentiation, or trafficking.
Types of Cytokines
- Interleukins (ILs)
- Lymphokines
- Monokines
- Interferons
- Chemokines
- Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), including GM-CSF, Meg-CSF, and G-CSF.
Effects of Cytokines on Stem Cells
- Influence multilineage potential and differentiation of specific cell types.
- May require combinations with other factors and can prevent apoptosis.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)
- Major cytokine for stimulating neutrophil production.
Neutrophil Development
-
Myeloblasts are the earliest stage in neutrophil maturation; their characteristics include:
- Size: 14 to 20 μm
- N:C ratio: 8:1 to 4:1
- Typically found at 0% to 3% in bone marrow nucleated cells.
-
Promyelocytes are larger (16 to 25 μm) and account for 1% to 5% of nucleated cells, distinguished by:
- Round to oval nucleus with 1-3 nucleoli.
- Primary granules present, which are basophilic.
Neutrophil Granule Types
- Primary granules formed during the promyelocyte stage contain enzymes like myeloperoxidase and defensins.
- Secondary granules appear during myelocyte and metamyelocyte stages and are specific for neutrophils.
- Tertiary granules form during the metamyelocyte stage and contain substances like gelatinase and lysozyme.
Neutrophil Kinetics
- Neutrophil production rates: approximately 0.9 to 1.0 × 10^9 cells/kg per day.
- Proliferative pool in the bone marrow contains about 2.1 × 10^9 cells/kg capable of division.
- Maturation pool contains roughly 5.6 × 10^9 cells/kg, responsible for neutrophil maturation over about 6 days.
Neutrophil Functions
- Major roles include phagocytosis and destruction of microorganisms and foreign materials through:
- Chemotaxis: Movement towards chemical signals produced by pathogens or damaged cells.
- Diapedesis: Migration through the endothelium to reach the site of infection.
Neutrophil Life Span and Pools
- The half-life in blood is around 7 hours, but inflammation can prolong it.
- Circulating neutrophils are categorized into:
- Circulating neutrophil pool (CNP)
- Marginated neutrophil pool (MNP), found along capillary walls.
Mechanisms of Neutrophil Recruitment and Action
- Capture and adhesion are mediated by endothelial activation and expression of E-selectin and CD18 integrin.
- Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are formed from DNA and serve to trap and kill pathogens.
Summary of neutrophil morphological features during maturation
- Myeloblast: identifiable structure with no granules.
- Promyelocyte: presence of primary granules.
- Myelocyte: emergence of secondary granules leading to the "dawn of neutrophilia."
- Metamyelocyte: kidney-shaped nucleus with clumped chromatin; begins tertiary granule formation.
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Description
This quiz covers the recognition of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through flow cytometry, their properties, and the role of cytokines in neutrophil production. Explore essential growth factors and their functions in the hematopoietic system.
