Stem Cells: Hematopoietic Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical red blood cell (RBC) count range in a person with Oyythemia vera?

  • 8 to 9 million/mm³ (correct)
  • 2 to 3 million/mm³
  • 5 to 6 million/mm³
  • 10 to 12 million/mm³

    • What effect does increased blood viscosity have on capillary flow?

  • It has no effect on blood flow.
  • It leads to sluggish blood flow. (correct)
  • It stimulates faster blood flow.
  • It causes blood pressure to decrease.

    • Which factor can lead to an increase in RBC count?

  • Diurnal variations
  • Lower temperatures
  • Higher altitude (correct)
  • Increased oxygen tension

    • What is the hematocrit level range in patients with Oyythemia vera?

    <p>70% to 80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to red blood cells after birth during the first ten days?

    <p>They undergo normal destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological condition leads to variation in RBC count during the day?

    <p>Diurnal daily variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average RBC count in an adult male?

    <p>5 million/mm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does adrenaline affect the RBC count?

    <p>It increases the count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the progenitor cell that gives rise to both myeloid and lymphoid lineages?

    <p>Multipotential hematopoietic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not produced from the common myeloid progenitor?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is specifically associated with thrombopoiesis?

    <p>Megakaryocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final differentiated stage before a red blood cell is fully formed?

    <p>Reticulocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily responsible for the immune response against viruses and tumors?

    <p>Natural killer cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process are granulocytes such as neutrophils and eosinophils produced?

    <p>Granulopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precursor cell gives rise to all types of lymphocytes?

    <p>Common lymphoid progenitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about leukocyte lifespan is true?

    <p>Leukocytes rapidly enter tissues and leave the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages occurs first in the differentiation of myeloid cells?

    <p>Myeloblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thrombocytes?

    <p>Blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes the sedimentation of erythrocytes to occur in the blood?

    <p>Differences in densities between RBCs and plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of sedimentation shows maximum velocity of erythrocyte aggregation?

    <p>First phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) likely to increase?

    <p>Rise in O2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sedimentation rate of erythrocytes when the positive charge in plasma is increased?

    <p>It accelerates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal ESR value range for adults using Wintrobe's method?

    <p>0.0-65 mm/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ESR change in elderly individuals compared to younger populations?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does a rise in cholesterol have on the ESR?

    <p>It increases the ESR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does plasma protein content play in erythrocyte sedimentation?

    <p>It influences rouleaux formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anemia is caused by rapid and excessive blood loss?

    <p>Blood loss anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anemia occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be produced?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aplastic anemia results from a defect in which of the following?

    <p>Bone marrow function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chronic blood loss, what type of anemia typically results due to the small size of RBCs and low hemoglobin content?

    <p>Hypochromic microcytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hereditary spherocytosis?

    <p>RBCs that are small and spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes sickle cell anemia in affected individuals?

    <p>Abnormalities in hemoglobin chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the short lifespan of RBCs in patients with hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Fragility of RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do RBCs produced during chronic blood loss anemia tend to be smaller in size?

    <p>Because of insufficient iron for hemoglobin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about individuals with sickle cell trait in terms of genetic inheritance?

    <p>They inherit a mutant Hb gene from only one parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding thalassemia is correct?

    <p>Thalassemia results from a reduction in the synthesis of Hb polypeptide chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is false about sickle cell disease?

    <p>Sickle cell disease cannot be inherited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms has been used to refer to thalassemia?

    <p>Cooley's anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of thalassemia?

    <p>Reduction in the rate of synthesis of one or more types of polypeptide chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which options describe the symptoms experienced by individuals with sickle cell trait?

    <p>Severe pain during high-intensity exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically results from the genetic mutation seen in some forms of thalassemia?

    <p>Synthesis of structurally abnormal hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the two main groups of thalassemia?

    <p>Differences in genetic chain synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Cell Production

    • Hematopoiesis begins with multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts).
    • Common myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into megakaryoblasts (platelets), erythroblasts (red blood cells), and myeloblasts (white blood cells).
    • Common lymphoid progenitor cells develop into lymphoblasts, leading to T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells.

    Types of Blood Cells

    • Megakaryocytes develop into thrombocytes (platelets).
    • Erythrocytes evolve through stages: proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, and ultimately reticulocyte.
    • WBCs categorized into granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes).

    Leukopoiesis

    • Lifespan of white blood cells varies; difficult to track as they move into tissue.

    Erythrocyte Count and Variability

    • Normal RBC count ranges from 4.5 to 6 million/mm³ depending on age and gender.
    • Increased RBC production at high altitudes due to oxygen deficiency and physiological stress factors like exercise and temperature changes.

    Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

    • ESR reflects the rate at which erythrocytes settle in plasma; normal rates differ by age.
    • Influenced by plasma protein concentration, with higher levels of cholesterol and fibrinogen increasing ESR.
    • Wintrobe method normal values: newborns 0.0-2.0 mm/hr, children 3.0-13.0 mm/hr, older adults typically higher.

    Types of Anemia

    • Defined as a deficiency of RBCs; can occur due to blood loss, decreased production, or increased destruction of RBCs.
    • Blood loss anemia occurs after hemorrhage with a reduction in hematocrit. Chronic loss leads to hypochromic, microcytic anemia.

    Hemolytic Anemia

    • Characterized by fragile RBCs that rupture easily, often hereditary.
    • Types include hereditary spherocytosis (rigid RBCs) and sickle cell anemia (abnormal Hb leads to crescent-shaped RBCs).

    Thalassemia

    • A genetic disorder leading to decreased synthesis of normal hemoglobin chains.
    • Mediterranean anemia, or Cooley's anemia, describes a heterogeneous group resulting in reduced hemoglobin levels, manifesting in various severity forms.

    Additional Notes

    • Sickle cell trait exists when an individual inherits one mutated gene, whereas full sickle cell disease requires genes from both parents.
    • Bone marrow stimulation increases RBC production in response to tissue anoxia, often producing smaller, less hemoglobin-rich cells.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the characteristics and functions of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, also known as hemocytoblasts. Test your knowledge on their role in the blood formation process and their significance in medical science.

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