Cyber Abuse against Women: Key Issues
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Questions and Answers

What are some prominent forms of cyber abuse encountered by women online?

Slut-shaming, rape threats, death threats, and doxing.

How does identifying as a woman online affect the risk of intentional abuse?

It increases the risk of intentional abuse.

What psychological effects does cyber abuse have on women?

It causes distress and various ill-psychological symptoms.

What is the 'silencing effect' in the context of online abuse?

<p>It refers to the discouragement women feel when participating online after experiencing abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequences do victims of cyber abuse face when pursuing legal action?

<p>They may lose time and pay from work, damage their reputation, and threaten their employability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does online harassment challenge women's political engagement?

<p>It excludes and silences their voices, making participation seem too dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Vera-Gray suggest about the relationship between online usage and cyber abuse?

<p>She argues that increased online usage by women correlates with more instances of cyber abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What actions do women often take in response to experiencing cyber abuse?

<p>They often self-censor and may withdraw from the digital world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of deepfakes circulating online depict non-consensual and sexually explicit content featuring women?

<p>96%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary challenge affects the legal protection of victims of deepfakes?

<p>The nascent nature of laws and regulations pertaining to deepfakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the online application DeepNude?

<p>It uses GANs to create natural-looking depictions of nude women's bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to hold deepfake creators accountable?

<p>They often operate through anonymous or fake accounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do deepfakes have on women's online reputation?

<p>They can compromise women's identities and inflict damage on their reputations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do victims face even when they know of their deepfakes?

<p>There is very little that can be done to mitigate the effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many fake nudes of women have been created and shared without consent?

<p>Over 104,000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What often persists once deepfakes have been widely disseminated?

<p>The persistent nature of deepfakes, which can be rapidly replicated and circulated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the literature review discussed?

<p>The review primarily focuses on the harm women have experienced due to technology and deepfakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Willard (2005), how is abuse defined in cyberspace?

<p>Abuse in cyberspace is defined as the intent to consistently harass another to harm via any electronic method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do recurring inductive themes play in the data review process?

<p>Recurring inductive themes aid in synthesizing research findings and highlighting significant patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitations did the researchers acknowledge in their study?

<p>The researchers acknowledged that they may not have observed all relevant literature due to the emerging nature of deepfake technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Citron (2014), what constitutes threats within the realm of cyber abuse?

<p>Threats within cyber abuse include violence threats, privacy invasions, and reputation harming lies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two forms of cyber abuse mentioned in the excerpt?

<p>The two forms of cyber abuse are direct and indirect cyber abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific issues are highlighted by the literature regarding deepfakes?

<p>The literature highlights gendered issues related to deepfakes, including their characteristics and harms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of focusing on gendered problems in cyber abuse research?

<p>Focusing on gendered problems helps to capture the particular vulnerabilities and experiences of women in cyber abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern associated with the DeepNude app?

<p>The DeepNude app enables users to create fake nude images of women with a single click, raising significant ethical and privacy concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does online harassment disproportionately affect women according to recent studies?

<p>Studies indicate that women are often the primary targets of online harassment, particularly through mediums like deepfake videos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological impacts can cybervictimization have on young people?

<p>Cybervictimization can lead to significant psychological distress, including anxiety, depression, and feelings of isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the #Callitfemicide movement play in understanding gender-based violence in Canada?

<p>The #Callitfemicide movement aims to raise awareness and understand the systemic issues surrounding gender-related killings of women and girls in Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the prevalence of online hate and harassment?

<p>Factors such as anonymity, lack of accountability, and societal norms contribute to the prevalence of online hate and harassment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways can fake video technology be misused in the context of domestic violence?

<p>Fake video technology can be used to create misleading and damaging content that perpetuates manipulation and abuse in intimate partner relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What barriers do young people face in seeking support following cyberbullying?

<p>Young people often face barriers such as fear of stigma, perceived inadequacy of support systems, and a lack of understanding from adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Adult Online Harms Report 2019 produced by the UK Council for Internet Safety?

<p>The report assesses the various adult online harms, including hate, harassment, and abuse, to inform policy and improve safety measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of gendertrolling as discussed in Mantilla's 2013 article?

<p>Gendertrolling refers to misogynistic behavior that adapts to new media, where individuals target women online through harassment or abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways are deepfakes used as tools for harassment according to recent studies?

<p>Deepfakes are used for creating non-consensual pornography and are weaponized in contexts like revenge porn and sextortion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the phenomenon of deepfake pornography impact the victims psychologically?

<p>Victims often experience shame, distress, and a violation of their privacy due to the non-consensual use of their images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges does the literature suggest regarding the detection and countermeasures against deepfakes?

<p>The literature highlights open challenges in developing effective detection methods and ongoing countermeasures against the misuse of deepfake technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does online incivility play in women's experiences of harassment in digital spaces according to Megarry's research?

<p>Online incivility often manifests as sexual harassment, affecting women's experiences and interactions on digital platforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the legal implications of using deepfake technology as mentioned in Morales's 2021 article.

<p>Using deepfake technology can result in criminal charges, particularly when it invades the privacy of individuals or is used to harass them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the socio-cultural factors that contribute to gendered harassment online?

<p>Socio-cultural factors include prevailing misogynistic attitudes, power dynamics, and the anonymity of the internet that enable harmful behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategies can be employed to combat the effects of deepfake technology on victims?

<p>Strategies include advocating for stronger legislation, developing better detection tools, and providing support systems for victims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant impact of deepfakes on individuals' identities?

<p>Deepfakes can create realistic yet false representations of individuals, potentially damaging their reputations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do social media platforms contribute to the prevalence of online harassment?

<p>Social media platforms often lack effective moderation and reporting mechanisms, enabling anonymous abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some strategies women scholars use to cope with online harassment?

<p>Women scholars often employ self-protection, resistance techniques, and sometimes accept their situation to cope with online harassment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the relationship between unequal power dynamics and partner violence as discussed in the literature.

<p>Unequal power dynamics often exacerbate partner violence, as the imbalance can lead to control and manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does consent play in the discussion around deepfakes according to current research?

<p>Consent is critical, as deepfakes often exploit individuals' images without their permission, infringing on personal autonomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cyberbullying, what are common consequences faced by students in higher education?

<p>Students frequently experience emotional distress, anxiety, and academic challenges due to cyberbullying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the representation of women in studies on online harassment important?

<p>It ensures that women's unique experiences and challenges are understood and addressed in research and policy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the literature suggest about the intersectionality of experiences relating to violence against women and girls?

<p>The literature suggests that race, class, and social background intersect to exacerbate violence against women and girls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Deepfakes and Harm to Women

  • Deepfake technologies, becoming more sophisticated and accessible, are increasing the risk of online violence and abuse against women.
  • In a post-truth era, deepfakes allow malevolent actors to manipulate public opinion or damage reputations.
  • This new technology is a relatively recent method that is being used for gender-based violence and erodes the autonomy of women online and offline.
  • Women are experiencing harms on an individual and systemic level through deepfakes.
  • There is a need for more research into the resulting online harm through deepfakes and the experiences of victims.

Introduction

  • Gender-based violence has increased over the past 20 years, affecting one in three women in their lifetime.
  • Violence against women is a myriad of gendered acts, primarily directed at women and girls, causing physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering.
  • Rates of reported gendered violence in Canada have decreased but unreported violence remains a significant risk for women.

Technology Facilitated Abuse

  • Technology has allowed new mechanisms of gender-based violence.
  • Women are especially vulnerable to online violence, harassment, and sexual abuse.
  • Deepfakes are machine learning-based software that can accurately replace one person with another in images, videos, etc.
  • This technology can be used for creating pornographic videos, or maliciously aimed at influencing beliefs or damaging reputations.
  • Deepfakes are commonly spread without the consent of the individuals in the media.
  • Deepfakes can be created from still images and are becoming easily accessible, jeopardizing people's privacy.

Methodology

  • The study used a narrative review to examine the harms of deepfakes and related content to women.
  • The inclusion criteria of the study were: literature/articles focusing on technology's role in online abuse and women, were written in English, and published between 2001-2022.
  • Articles were excluded if they were written in a different language, not focused on technology's role in online abuse and women, published before 2001, or not publicly accessible.

Cyber Abuse in Women

  • Cyber abuse is defined as intentional harm or threats through electronic means.
  • Cyber abuse of women is characterized by repetition, power differentials, aggression, and the intention to cause harm.
  • Online abuse can manifest in direct contact between the perpetrators and victims, or indirectly, through public forums.
  • Women experience greater risks of harm online than men.

Image-Based Sexual Abuse in Women

  • Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) focuses on the exploitation and distribution of intimate content.
  • Women are more likely to be victims of IBSA than men.
  • Increased use of social media platforms facilitates the creation and distribution of images of women without consent.

Deepfakes and Women

  • Deepfake technology has been used to subject women to humiliation and violence by altering their images in videos and disseminating them on social media.
  • The use of technology to perpetuate harm is a substantial threat, especially when deepfakes are used maliciously.
  • Dissemination of deepfakes is further problematic as it can easily be reproduced and circulated.
  • The prevalence of deepfakes causes feelings of fear, helplessness, and hopelessness for women.

Discussion and Recommendations

  • Cyber abuse targeting women is related to unequal power dynamics in society.
  • Deepfakes are a new tool for perpetrating gender-based cyber-abuse, further harming women.
  • There is a need for more comprehensive laws and regulations concerning deepfakes, along with methods for holding perpetrators accountable.
  • Educational programs are needed to raise awareness and empower victims.

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Deepfakes and Harm to Women PDF

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This quiz explores the various forms and psychological effects of cyber abuse faced by women online. It discusses the challenges of legal protections and the impact of deepfakes on women's reputations and political engagement. Join us to understand the complexities of this pressing issue.

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