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What are some prominent forms of cyber abuse encountered by women online?
What are some prominent forms of cyber abuse encountered by women online?
Slut-shaming, rape threats, death threats, and doxing.
How does identifying as a woman online affect the risk of intentional abuse?
How does identifying as a woman online affect the risk of intentional abuse?
It increases the risk of intentional abuse.
What psychological effects does cyber abuse have on women?
What psychological effects does cyber abuse have on women?
It causes distress and various ill-psychological symptoms.
What is the 'silencing effect' in the context of online abuse?
What is the 'silencing effect' in the context of online abuse?
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What consequences do victims of cyber abuse face when pursuing legal action?
What consequences do victims of cyber abuse face when pursuing legal action?
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How does online harassment challenge women's political engagement?
How does online harassment challenge women's political engagement?
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What does Vera-Gray suggest about the relationship between online usage and cyber abuse?
What does Vera-Gray suggest about the relationship between online usage and cyber abuse?
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What actions do women often take in response to experiencing cyber abuse?
What actions do women often take in response to experiencing cyber abuse?
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What percentage of deepfakes circulating online depict non-consensual and sexually explicit content featuring women?
What percentage of deepfakes circulating online depict non-consensual and sexually explicit content featuring women?
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What primary challenge affects the legal protection of victims of deepfakes?
What primary challenge affects the legal protection of victims of deepfakes?
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What is the function of the online application DeepNude?
What is the function of the online application DeepNude?
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Why is it difficult to hold deepfake creators accountable?
Why is it difficult to hold deepfake creators accountable?
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What effect do deepfakes have on women's online reputation?
What effect do deepfakes have on women's online reputation?
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What challenge do victims face even when they know of their deepfakes?
What challenge do victims face even when they know of their deepfakes?
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How many fake nudes of women have been created and shared without consent?
How many fake nudes of women have been created and shared without consent?
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What often persists once deepfakes have been widely disseminated?
What often persists once deepfakes have been widely disseminated?
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What is the primary focus of the literature review discussed?
What is the primary focus of the literature review discussed?
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According to Willard (2005), how is abuse defined in cyberspace?
According to Willard (2005), how is abuse defined in cyberspace?
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What role do recurring inductive themes play in the data review process?
What role do recurring inductive themes play in the data review process?
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What limitations did the researchers acknowledge in their study?
What limitations did the researchers acknowledge in their study?
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According to Citron (2014), what constitutes threats within the realm of cyber abuse?
According to Citron (2014), what constitutes threats within the realm of cyber abuse?
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What are the two forms of cyber abuse mentioned in the excerpt?
What are the two forms of cyber abuse mentioned in the excerpt?
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What specific issues are highlighted by the literature regarding deepfakes?
What specific issues are highlighted by the literature regarding deepfakes?
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What is the significance of focusing on gendered problems in cyber abuse research?
What is the significance of focusing on gendered problems in cyber abuse research?
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What is the primary concern associated with the DeepNude app?
What is the primary concern associated with the DeepNude app?
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How does online harassment disproportionately affect women according to recent studies?
How does online harassment disproportionately affect women according to recent studies?
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What psychological impacts can cybervictimization have on young people?
What psychological impacts can cybervictimization have on young people?
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What role does the #Callitfemicide movement play in understanding gender-based violence in Canada?
What role does the #Callitfemicide movement play in understanding gender-based violence in Canada?
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What factors contribute to the prevalence of online hate and harassment?
What factors contribute to the prevalence of online hate and harassment?
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In what ways can fake video technology be misused in the context of domestic violence?
In what ways can fake video technology be misused in the context of domestic violence?
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What barriers do young people face in seeking support following cyberbullying?
What barriers do young people face in seeking support following cyberbullying?
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What is the purpose of the Adult Online Harms Report 2019 produced by the UK Council for Internet Safety?
What is the purpose of the Adult Online Harms Report 2019 produced by the UK Council for Internet Safety?
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What is the definition of gendertrolling as discussed in Mantilla's 2013 article?
What is the definition of gendertrolling as discussed in Mantilla's 2013 article?
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In what ways are deepfakes used as tools for harassment according to recent studies?
In what ways are deepfakes used as tools for harassment according to recent studies?
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How does the phenomenon of deepfake pornography impact the victims psychologically?
How does the phenomenon of deepfake pornography impact the victims psychologically?
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What challenges does the literature suggest regarding the detection and countermeasures against deepfakes?
What challenges does the literature suggest regarding the detection and countermeasures against deepfakes?
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What role does online incivility play in women's experiences of harassment in digital spaces according to Megarry's research?
What role does online incivility play in women's experiences of harassment in digital spaces according to Megarry's research?
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Discuss the legal implications of using deepfake technology as mentioned in Morales's 2021 article.
Discuss the legal implications of using deepfake technology as mentioned in Morales's 2021 article.
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What are some of the socio-cultural factors that contribute to gendered harassment online?
What are some of the socio-cultural factors that contribute to gendered harassment online?
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What strategies can be employed to combat the effects of deepfake technology on victims?
What strategies can be employed to combat the effects of deepfake technology on victims?
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What is one significant impact of deepfakes on individuals' identities?
What is one significant impact of deepfakes on individuals' identities?
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How do social media platforms contribute to the prevalence of online harassment?
How do social media platforms contribute to the prevalence of online harassment?
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What are some strategies women scholars use to cope with online harassment?
What are some strategies women scholars use to cope with online harassment?
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Describe the relationship between unequal power dynamics and partner violence as discussed in the literature.
Describe the relationship between unequal power dynamics and partner violence as discussed in the literature.
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What role does consent play in the discussion around deepfakes according to current research?
What role does consent play in the discussion around deepfakes according to current research?
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In the context of cyberbullying, what are common consequences faced by students in higher education?
In the context of cyberbullying, what are common consequences faced by students in higher education?
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Why is the representation of women in studies on online harassment important?
Why is the representation of women in studies on online harassment important?
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What does the literature suggest about the intersectionality of experiences relating to violence against women and girls?
What does the literature suggest about the intersectionality of experiences relating to violence against women and girls?
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Study Notes
Deepfakes and Harm to Women
- Deepfake technologies, becoming more sophisticated and accessible, are increasing the risk of online violence and abuse against women.
- In a post-truth era, deepfakes allow malevolent actors to manipulate public opinion or damage reputations.
- This new technology is a relatively recent method that is being used for gender-based violence and erodes the autonomy of women online and offline.
- Women are experiencing harms on an individual and systemic level through deepfakes.
- There is a need for more research into the resulting online harm through deepfakes and the experiences of victims.
Introduction
- Gender-based violence has increased over the past 20 years, affecting one in three women in their lifetime.
- Violence against women is a myriad of gendered acts, primarily directed at women and girls, causing physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering.
- Rates of reported gendered violence in Canada have decreased but unreported violence remains a significant risk for women.
Technology Facilitated Abuse
- Technology has allowed new mechanisms of gender-based violence.
- Women are especially vulnerable to online violence, harassment, and sexual abuse.
- Deepfakes are machine learning-based software that can accurately replace one person with another in images, videos, etc.
- This technology can be used for creating pornographic videos, or maliciously aimed at influencing beliefs or damaging reputations.
- Deepfakes are commonly spread without the consent of the individuals in the media.
- Deepfakes can be created from still images and are becoming easily accessible, jeopardizing people's privacy.
Methodology
- The study used a narrative review to examine the harms of deepfakes and related content to women.
- The inclusion criteria of the study were: literature/articles focusing on technology's role in online abuse and women, were written in English, and published between 2001-2022.
- Articles were excluded if they were written in a different language, not focused on technology's role in online abuse and women, published before 2001, or not publicly accessible.
Cyber Abuse in Women
- Cyber abuse is defined as intentional harm or threats through electronic means.
- Cyber abuse of women is characterized by repetition, power differentials, aggression, and the intention to cause harm.
- Online abuse can manifest in direct contact between the perpetrators and victims, or indirectly, through public forums.
- Women experience greater risks of harm online than men.
Image-Based Sexual Abuse in Women
- Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) focuses on the exploitation and distribution of intimate content.
- Women are more likely to be victims of IBSA than men.
- Increased use of social media platforms facilitates the creation and distribution of images of women without consent.
Deepfakes and Women
- Deepfake technology has been used to subject women to humiliation and violence by altering their images in videos and disseminating them on social media.
- The use of technology to perpetuate harm is a substantial threat, especially when deepfakes are used maliciously.
- Dissemination of deepfakes is further problematic as it can easily be reproduced and circulated.
- The prevalence of deepfakes causes feelings of fear, helplessness, and hopelessness for women.
Discussion and Recommendations
- Cyber abuse targeting women is related to unequal power dynamics in society.
- Deepfakes are a new tool for perpetrating gender-based cyber-abuse, further harming women.
- There is a need for more comprehensive laws and regulations concerning deepfakes, along with methods for holding perpetrators accountable.
- Educational programs are needed to raise awareness and empower victims.
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Description
This quiz explores the various forms and psychological effects of cyber abuse faced by women online. It discusses the challenges of legal protections and the impact of deepfakes on women's reputations and political engagement. Join us to understand the complexities of this pressing issue.