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Questions and Answers

What is the angle of the Inion-Nasion projection when using the CR?

  • 30°
  • 37°
  • 28° (correct)
  • 25°

    • Which projection has the patient positioned with the orbitomeatal line (OML) at a 50° angle?

  • AP Axial
  • Axiolateral
  • SMV
  • PA Axial (correct)

    • In a Dorsum Sellae view, which landmark is specifically within the shadow of the foramen magnum?

  • Tympanic Cavities
  • Internal Auditory Canal
  • Posterior Clinoid Process (correct)
  • External Auditory Canal

    • Which projection requires a CR angle of 30° directed to the OML?

    <p>Caldwell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Lysholm lateral view, which anatomical structure is highlighted?

    <p>Labyrinth of the ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is performed with an angle of 25° above the nasion?

    <p>AP Axial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of view is focused on achieving a symmetric view of the petrous pyramids?

    <p>Lateral view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is best visualized using the Parieto-Orbital Oblique projection?

    <p>Optic Canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which positioning method requires the CR to be directed 25-30° down?

    <p>Transcranial Schuller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PA axial projection, what is the angle of the CR in relation to OML?

    <p>15° down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the MSP and the OML in the Parieto-acanthial (Waters) projection?

    <p>MSP is perpendicular to OML</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct RP for the lateral projection of the sinuses?

    <p>Outer canthus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection involves the condyle being below the articular tubercle during an open mouth view?

    <p>Open Condyle Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central ray (CR) orientation for the Modified Lysholm Method?

    <p>20° anterior clinoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Acanthomeatal position, which angle is the IOML set at?

    <p>15° cranially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method utilizes a CR of 20-25° exiting the nasion?

    <p>Bertel Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct position of the MSP for the Parieto-orbital Oblique/Hough Method?

    <p>20° from horizontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection includes a CR of 7°?

    <p>Parieto-orbital Oblique/Hough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Eye imaging methods, what does the Waters Method require regarding the OML?

    <p>Perpendicular to the image receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Sweet Method in localizing images?

    <p>Geometric calculation for exact location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of imaging, what does the term 'MSP 20°' imply?

    <p>Mid-sagittal plane angled 20° from vertical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central ray (CR) angle for the Towne projection of the mandible?

    <p>25° up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which projection is the maxillary sinus specifically evaluated?

    <p>PA/PA Axial Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the projection labeled as 'Lateral Oblique'?

    <p>To demonstrate the TMJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure does the CR perpendicular to the IOML target during the mandible projections?

    <p>Mentum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing a PA Axial projection, how is the patient's AML positioned?

    <p>Perpendicular to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the oblique projection of the mandible, what is the recommended angle for the CR?

    <p>30° towards the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection utilizes a central ray directed at the midline and perpendicular to the AML?

    <p>PA Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lateral projection of the mandible, how is the patient's MSP oriented?

    <p>Perpendicular to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method utilizes an open mouth position for imaging?

    <p>Miller method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central ray direction for the Acanthomeatal view?

    <p>Perpendicular to lower antrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation of the central ray in the Modified Towne method?

    <p>37° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is NOT listed under the mastoid portion imaging techniques?

    <p>Schuller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Axiolateral oblique (Miller method), what is the required angulation of the central ray?

    <p>120°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required angulation for the CR in the Parieto-Acanthial projection when the mouth is open?

    <p>30° down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection targets the maxillary sinuses specifically?

    <p>Water's with open mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Lateral projection of sinuses, where does the CR direct?

    <p>At the outer canthus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What landmark is critical in the positioning of the OML for the Waters projection?

    <p>Acanthion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing the Transcranial Schuller projection, what is the CR direction relative to the OML?

    <p>30° down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected position of the petrous pyramids in relation to the inferior rim of the orbit?

    <p>Below the inferior rim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection uses a central ray angle of 30° directed to the OML?

    <p>PA Axial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which projection is the patient positioned so that the IOML is at a 50° angle?

    <p>Axial Lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is specifically within the shadow of the foramen magnum when using the PA Axial projection?

    <p>Occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of view does the Eccentric-Angle projection achieve?

    <p>Eccentric view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the axial projection, what does the term 'RP: 1 1/2 inches above nasion' indicate?

    <p>Central ray reference point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection requires a 25° angle directed superiorly?

    <p>AP Axial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'symmetric view of petrous pyramids' in cranial imaging?

    <p>Facilitates accurate assessment of bone structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central ray (CR) orientation for the axiolateral projection of the mandible?

    <p>Perpendicular to the MSP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which projection is the angle of the central ray directed 15° away from the MSP?

    <p>PA/PA Axial proj.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the modified Towne projection, which anatomical landmark is used to direct the CR?

    <p>Nasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation of the central ray when performing the PA Axial projection?

    <p>30° upwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is specifically used to visualize the zygomatic arches?

    <p>Transfacial Zanelli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required angulation for the central ray during the Axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible?

    <p>25° towards the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection utilizes an open mouth position for imaging?

    <p>Axiolateral oblique - Miller method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing the oblique projection of the mandible, where should the CR be directed?

    <p>Midway TMJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the CR perpendicular to the IOML projection, which sinus is prominently visualized?

    <p>Sphenoidal sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the CR angle for the Henschen procedure?

    <p>25°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is specifically visualized during a Modified Fuchs projection?

    <p>Hypoglossal Canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the petrous pyramids, which procedure is designed to achieve a symmetric view?

    <p>Schuller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Original Law procedure, the CR is directed to which anatomical reference point?

    <p>Sella Turcica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection has the CR directed at a 10-15° angle towards the C2N?

    <p>Rhese Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct angulation of the OML in the Waters projection?

    <p>37°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landmarks should be aligned for optimal visualization of the zygomatic arches using the Modified Fuchs method?

    <p>MSP perpendicular to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which projection is the central ray directed perpendicular to the IOML?

    <p>Tangential/SMV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structures are best evaluated with the 45° angulated CR when performing the Acanthomeatal view?

    <p>Zygomatic arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fractures is best visualized using the Lateral Oblique projection?

    <p>Blowout Fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship of the MSP to the CR in the AP Axial Projection for the mandible?

    <p>MSP perpendicular to CR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is most appropriate for assessing the maxillary sinuses?

    <p>Waters Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cranial Projections

    • PA/PA Axial/ Caldwell, AP/PA Axial, PA Axial/Valdini, SMV, AXIOLATERAL, Lateral/Lysholm

    Cranial Projections Subtitles

    • Inion-Nasion at angle 28° ↓ CR
    • IOML 50°
    • Dorsum Sellae
    • Internal Auditory Canal
    • Labyrynth of the ears
    • OML 50°
    • Tympanic Cavities
    • External Auditory Canal
    • Eustachian Tubes
    • MSP↓
    • OML↓
    • IOML ↓
    • CR: 30°↓ OML CR: 25°↑
    • CR: 37↓° IOML RP: 1 1/2 “ above nasion
    • SS: Symetric view of Petrous pyramids
    • Occipital Bone
    • Posterior Clinoid Process and Dorsum Sellae within the shadow of F.M.Parietal bone (Posterior Portion)
    • Posterior Portion of the F.M.OPTIC CANAL (Foramen)
    • Parieto-Orbital Oblique/ Orbito-Parietal/ Rhese/ Oblique/ Proj.Modified Alexander Method/ Lysholm Method
    • MSP 53°
    • MSP 40°
    • 15° Cranially
    • MSP 20°
    • IOML ⊥
    • VCH/sponge
    • Acanthomeatal ┴
    • CR: 20°
    • Anterior clinoid process
    • CR: 30°
    • Superior orbital fissure
    • Sphenoid Strut
    • Parieto-orbital Oblique/Hough Method
    • MSP 20°
    • IOML┴
    • CR: 7°
    • Superior Orbital Fissures
    • PA Axial
    • Eccentric-Angle Parieto Orbital Proj.Modified Lysholm Method
    • OML ┴
    • MSP 20°
    • IOML ┴
    • CR: 20-25° exiting inferior orbital fissure
    • CR: 20° anterior clinoid process
    • CR: 30° superior orbital fissure
    • Inferior Orbital Fissures
    • PA Axial (Bertel Method)
    • MSP ┴
    • IOML ┴
    • CR: 20-25 exiting the nasion

    Eye Projections

    • Lateral
    • Modified Waters
    • PA Axial/Caldwell
    • MSP ||
    • MSP
    • MSP
    • IPL
    • OML 50° IR
    • OML
    • CR: Perpendicular
    • CR: Perpendicular
    • CR: 30°
    • Look straight ahead
    • Closed Eyes
    • Closed Eyes
    • Vogt-Bone Free Pos
    • Parallax Motion
    • Sweet Method
    • Pfeiffer-Comberg Method
    • Small or Low Density Foreign Particle
    • Deep localization
    • Geometric Calculation
    • Leaded Contact lens
    • Exact location
    • Localizing Device

    Facial Bones Projections

    • 3.PA
    • Titterington (Towne/Grashey)
    • MSP ⊥
    • MSP 15° away
    • MSP 45° towards
    • IOML||
    • MSP ⊥
    • MSP ⊥
    • AML⊥
    • IOML ⊥ CR: ⊥
    • CN
    • OML ⊥ CR:30↓
    • IOML ⊥ CR37↓
    • CR: Perpendicular to IOML
    • CR: ⊥ IOML
    • CN
    • CR: 35↓ most prominent of zygoma
    • RP: ½” posterior to the outer canthus
    • RP: ½”
    • Enter vertex
    • Exit Zygo Arches
    • FOramen ovale & Spinosum
    • Nasal
    • Dens
    • Depressed Fx
    • Sphenoidal Sinus
    • Flat cheek bone
    • Maxillary Sinus
    • Eustaciantube
    • Zygomatic arches
    • SS: Bilateral
    • SS: Bilateral

    Mandible Projections

    • PA/PA Axial Proj.
    • PA /PA Axial Projection  
    • Axio-Lateral oblique proj.  
    • AML ⊥
    • OML ⊥
    • MSP ⊥
    • MSP ⊥
    • CN
    • CN
    • MI3
    • CR:25°↑
    • CR: Perpendicular
    • Nose – Mb w/ TMJ
    • exiting acanthion
    • Ramus – True Lat.CR: ⊥ Lips – MB
    • Body – Head 30°towards IR
    • Mentum 45° Towards IR
    • CR: 30°↑ midway TMJ
    • CR: Perpendicular
    • MB with condyle
    • SS: Med.Displacement
    • ↑ TMJ
    • Lat.of Rami

    TMJ

    • AP axial/Towne
    • Lateral Oblique/Axiolateral
    • Oblique Transfacial Zanelli
    • Lateral
    • Albers-Schonberg (Lateral Transfacial)
    • Transcranial Schuller
    • Transcranial Projection
    • MI3
    • MSP ⊥
    • MI3
    • MSP ⊥
    • MSP15°
    • MSP 30°↓
    • MI3
    • OML ⊥
    • AML ||
    • CR: 25-30°↓
    • CR: 15↓
    • CR: 20↑
    • CR: ⊥
    • CR: 35↓
    • Vertex lies to IR
    • 3” above the nasion
    • Closed– Condyle in mandibular Fossa
    • Open & close mouth
    • Open – Condyle below the articular tubicle

    Sinus Projections

    • Parieto-acanthial/waters
    • OMW/ Open Mouth/ Water’s w/ open mouth  
    • PA / PA axial / Caldwell  
    • Lateral
    • MSP ⊥
    • MSP ⊥
    • MSP ⊥
    • MI3
    • OML 37°
    • OML ⊥
    • OML ⊥
    • MM ⊥
    • RP: Nasion
    • RP: ½ to 1”
    • RP: Acanthion
    • CR: 15° ↓ OML
    • CR: ⊥
    • CR: ⊥
    • Posterior to outercanthus
    • 23°↓ GML
    • SS: All sinuses
    • Maxillary Sinuses
    • Frontal & Anterior Ethmoid Sinuses
    • SS: Sphenoid Sinuses

    Sinus Projections Cont.

    • Law method
    • Rhese
    • SMV
    • Axial Transoral/ Pirie mthod
    • C2N
    • MSP 53°
    • MSP ⊥
    • MSP ┴
    • CR: 25-30°
    • CR: Perpendicular to IOML
    • IOML||
    • Open mouth
    • CR: Passing Sella Turcica
    • Lower Antrum
    • Acanthomeatal┴
    • Exiting mouth
    • Frontal
    • Anterior & Posterior Antrum
    • Frontal, Anterior & Posterior Ethmoid Sinus
    • Sphenoid
    • Sphenoidal Sinus
    • Sphenoid sinus
    • Maxillary Sinus
    • Eustaciantube
    • Zygoma
    • Zygomatic arches
    • EOW

    Petro-Mastoid Portion Projections

    • Original Law
    • Modified Law
    • Henschen, Schuller, Lysholm
    • Stenvers
    • Arcelin
    • Modified Towne
    • Mayer
    • Cahoon

    Mastoid Portion Projections

    • Original Law
    • Modified Law
    • Modified Hickey

    Temporal Styloid Process

    • Cahoon
    • Fuchs
    • Modified Fuchs

    Jugular Foramina

    • SMV Axial (Kemp-Harper)
    • Eraso modification

    Hypoglossal Canal

    • Axiolateral oblique- Miller method
    • Patient in supine
    • IOML parallel
    • MSP 450 away
    • Pt in open mouth
    • CR: 120

    Cranial Projections

    • PA and AP projections are used for various views including Axial, Caldwell, Valdini, and SMV.
    • Lateral and Axiolateral projections are also used, with Lysholm being a specific variation.
    • Towne and Haas are specific AP Axial and PA Axial projections respectively.
    • Inion-Nasion angle of 28° is crucial for PA Axial projections, with IOML at 50°.
    • Dorsum Sellae, Internal Auditory Canal, Labyrinth of the ears, Tympanic Cavities, External Auditory Canal, and Eustachian Tubes are anatomical structures commonly visualized.

    Cranial Views & Projections

    • OML at 50°, MSP perpendicular, and IOML perpendicular are key positioning elements for various cranial views.
    • C2N-3 point lower margin is a crucial landmark for various cranial projections, including Rhese, Oblique, and Parieto-Orbital.
    • RP (radiographic position) is critical for aligning the central ray ( CR ) and ensuring appropriate image quality.
    • MSP ┴ (MSP perpendicular) and OML 37° are standard positioning for Waters and Parieto-Acanthial projections, with MM┴ (MM perpendicular) and GAL ┴ (GAL perpendicular) being crucial for Tangential/Supero-inferior projections.
    • Zygomatic arches, Orbit, Maxillae, Tripod, Leforte, and Blowout are common anatomical targets for these projections, targeting fractures, displacement, and other abnormalities.
    • Medial displacement and lateral displacement are key observations when evaluating fractures.

    Zygomatic Arches

    • Tangential/SMV/Full Basal projection uses MSP ⊥ (MSP perpendicular) and IOML|| (IOML parallel) for a full view of the zygomatic arches.
    • May method, Titterington, and Modified Fuchs are specific variations with distinct positioning parameters.
    • MSP 45° towards AML⊥, CN (central ray), and IOML ⊥ CR 37↓ are important positioning elements for these projections.
    • Dens, Sphenoidal Sinus, Maxillary Sinus, Eustachian tube, and Zygomatic arches are common structures visualized.
    • Evaluating depressed fractures and flat cheek abnormalities is possible with these projections.

    Mandible

    • PA/PA Axial Projection, PA/PA Axial Projection / Zanelli, and Axio-Lateral Oblique Projection are used to visualize the mandible, targeting different aspects.
    • AML ⊥, OML ⊥, and CN are important positioning cues, with specific angles for different projections.
    • CR aligns with different anatomical landmarks depending on the projection, for example, CR aligns with the TMJ (temporomandibular joint) for the PA/PA Axial Projection.
    • Medial Displacement and Lateral displacement are key observations when evaluating fractures.

    TMJ

    • AP axial/Towne and Lateral Oblique/ Axiolateral/ Axial Transcranial Schuller are commonly used projections for TMJ evaluation.
    • Oblique Transfacial Zanelli and Lateral/Albers-Schonberg are specific projections with unique angulations.
    • Closed and Open positions of the jaw are crucial for assessing TMJ movement and positioning.

    Sinuses

    • OM w/ Open Mouth / Waters with an open mouth are preferred for visualizing Maxillary Sinuses, Frontal & Anterior Ethmoid Sinuses, and Sphenoid Sinuses.
    • PA/PA axial / Caldwell and Lateral projections offer different perspectives on the sinuses.
    • MSP ⊥, OML ⊥, and MM ⊥ are crucial positioning elements for these projections.
    • RP, CR, and GML have specific angles and locations for optimal visualization.
    • Each sinus has its own distinctive anatomy and visual characteristics.
    • Law method, Rhese, and SMV are additional projections used for a comprehensive evaluation of sinuses.
    • Axial Transo-oral/Pirie method and Cahoon are other useful projections for sinuses evaluation.

    Petromastoid Portion

    • Original Law, Modified Law, Henschen, Schuller, Lysholm, Stenvers, Arcelin, Modified Towne, Mayer, and Cahoon are specific techniques used for evaluating the petromastoid portion.

    Mastoid Portion

    • Original Law, Modified Law, and Modified Hickey are specific techniques used for evaluating the mastoid portion.

    Temporal Styloid Process

    • Cahoon, Fuchs, and Modified Fuchs are recommended projections for visualizing the temporal styloid process.

    Jugular Foramina

    • SMV Axial (Kemp-Harper) and Eraso modification are commonly used projections for evaluating the jugular foramina.

    Hypoglossal Canal

    • Axiolateral oblique- Miller method is the preferred technique for evaluating the hypoglossal canal, with specific positioning and CR angulation.

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