SKULL

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the angle of the Inion-Nasion projection when using the CR?

30°

37°

28° (correct)

25°

Which projection has the patient positioned with the orbitomeatal line (OML) at a 50° angle?

AP Axial

Axiolateral

SMV

PA Axial (correct)

In a Dorsum Sellae view, which landmark is specifically within the shadow of the foramen magnum?

Tympanic Cavities

Internal Auditory Canal

Posterior Clinoid Process (correct)

External Auditory Canal

Which projection requires a CR angle of 30° directed to the OML?

Caldwell Signup and view all the answers

In the Lysholm lateral view, which anatomical structure is highlighted?

Labyrinth of the ears Signup and view all the answers

Which projection is performed with an angle of 25° above the nasion?

AP Axial Signup and view all the answers

What type of view is focused on achieving a symmetric view of the petrous pyramids?

Lateral view Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure is best visualized using the Parieto-Orbital Oblique projection?

Optic Canal Signup and view all the answers

Which positioning method requires the CR to be directed 25-30° down?

Transcranial Schuller Signup and view all the answers

In the PA axial projection, what is the angle of the CR in relation to OML?

15° down Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the MSP and the OML in the Parieto-acanthial (Waters) projection?

MSP is perpendicular to OML Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct RP for the lateral projection of the sinuses?

Outer canthus Signup and view all the answers

Which projection involves the condyle being below the articular tubercle during an open mouth view?

Open Condyle Method Signup and view all the answers

What is the central ray (CR) orientation for the Modified Lysholm Method?

20° anterior clinoid process Signup and view all the answers

In the Acanthomeatal position, which angle is the IOML set at?

15° cranially Signup and view all the answers

Which method utilizes a CR of 20-25° exiting the nasion?

Bertel Method Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct position of the MSP for the Parieto-orbital Oblique/Hough Method?

20° from horizontal Signup and view all the answers

Which projection includes a CR of 7°?

Parieto-orbital Oblique/Hough Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Eye imaging methods, what does the Waters Method require regarding the OML?

Perpendicular to the image receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the Sweet Method in localizing images?

Geometric calculation for exact location Signup and view all the answers

In the context of imaging, what does the term 'MSP 20°' imply?

Mid-sagittal plane angled 20° from vertical Signup and view all the answers

What is the central ray (CR) angle for the Towne projection of the mandible?

25° up Signup and view all the answers

In which projection is the maxillary sinus specifically evaluated?

PA/PA Axial Projection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the projection labeled as 'Lateral Oblique'?

To demonstrate the TMJ Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure does the CR perpendicular to the IOML target during the mandible projections?

Mentum Signup and view all the answers

When performing a PA Axial projection, how is the patient's AML positioned?

Perpendicular to the IR Signup and view all the answers

For the oblique projection of the mandible, what is the recommended angle for the CR?

30° towards the head Signup and view all the answers

Which projection utilizes a central ray directed at the midline and perpendicular to the AML?

PA Projection Signup and view all the answers

In the lateral projection of the mandible, how is the patient's MSP oriented?

Perpendicular to the IR Signup and view all the answers

Which method utilizes an open mouth position for imaging?

Miller method Signup and view all the answers

What is the central ray direction for the Acanthomeatal view?

Perpendicular to lower antrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the angulation of the central ray in the Modified Towne method?

37° caudad Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is NOT listed under the mastoid portion imaging techniques?

Schuller Signup and view all the answers

During the Axiolateral oblique (Miller method), what is the required angulation of the central ray?

120° Signup and view all the answers

What is the required angulation for the CR in the Parieto-Acanthial projection when the mouth is open?

30° down Signup and view all the answers

Which projection targets the maxillary sinuses specifically?

Water's with open mouth Signup and view all the answers

In the Lateral projection of sinuses, where does the CR direct?

At the outer canthus Signup and view all the answers

What landmark is critical in the positioning of the OML for the Waters projection?

Acanthion Signup and view all the answers

When performing the Transcranial Schuller projection, what is the CR direction relative to the OML?

30° down Signup and view all the answers

What is the projected position of the petrous pyramids in relation to the inferior rim of the orbit?

Below the inferior rim Signup and view all the answers

Which projection uses a central ray angle of 30° directed to the OML?

PA Axial Signup and view all the answers

In which projection is the patient positioned so that the IOML is at a 50° angle?

Axial Lateral Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is specifically within the shadow of the foramen magnum when using the PA Axial projection?

Occipital bone Signup and view all the answers

What type of view does the Eccentric-Angle projection achieve?

Eccentric view Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the axial projection, what does the term 'RP: 1 1/2 inches above nasion' indicate?

Central ray reference point Signup and view all the answers

Which projection requires a 25° angle directed superiorly?

AP Axial Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'symmetric view of petrous pyramids' in cranial imaging?

Facilitates accurate assessment of bone structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the central ray (CR) orientation for the axiolateral projection of the mandible?

Perpendicular to the MSP Signup and view all the answers

In which projection is the angle of the central ray directed 15° away from the MSP?

PA/PA Axial proj. Signup and view all the answers

For the modified Towne projection, which anatomical landmark is used to direct the CR?

Nasion Signup and view all the answers

What is the angulation of the central ray when performing the PA Axial projection?

30° upwards Signup and view all the answers

Which projection is specifically used to visualize the zygomatic arches?

Transfacial Zanelli Signup and view all the answers

What is the required angulation for the central ray during the Axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible?

25° towards the midline Signup and view all the answers

Which projection utilizes an open mouth position for imaging?

Axiolateral oblique - Miller method Signup and view all the answers

When performing the oblique projection of the mandible, where should the CR be directed?

Midway TMJ Signup and view all the answers

In the CR perpendicular to the IOML projection, which sinus is prominently visualized?

Sphenoidal sinus Signup and view all the answers

What is the CR angle for the Henschen procedure?

25° Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure is specifically visualized during a Modified Fuchs projection?

Hypoglossal Canal Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the petrous pyramids, which procedure is designed to achieve a symmetric view?

Schuller Signup and view all the answers

During the Original Law procedure, the CR is directed to which anatomical reference point?

Sella Turcica Signup and view all the answers

Which projection has the CR directed at a 10-15° angle towards the C2N?

Rhese Method Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct angulation of the OML in the Waters projection?

37° Signup and view all the answers

Which landmarks should be aligned for optimal visualization of the zygomatic arches using the Modified Fuchs method?

MSP perpendicular to the IR Signup and view all the answers

In which projection is the central ray directed perpendicular to the IOML?

Tangential/SMV Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structures are best evaluated with the 45° angulated CR when performing the Acanthomeatal view?

Zygomatic arches Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fractures is best visualized using the Lateral Oblique projection?

Blowout Fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship of the MSP to the CR in the AP Axial Projection for the mandible?

MSP perpendicular to CR Signup and view all the answers

Which projection is most appropriate for assessing the maxillary sinuses?

Waters Projection Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cranial Projections

PA/PA Axial/ Caldwell, AP/PA Axial, PA Axial/Valdini, SMV, AXIOLATERAL, Lateral/Lysholm

Cranial Projections Subtitles

Inion-Nasion at angle 28° ↓ CR
IOML 50°
Dorsum Sellae
Internal Auditory Canal
Labyrynth of the ears
OML 50°
Tympanic Cavities
External Auditory Canal
Eustachian Tubes
MSP↓
OML↓
IOML ↓
CR: 30°↓ OML CR: 25°↑
CR: 37↓° IOML RP: 1 1/2 “ above nasion
SS: Symetric view of Petrous pyramids
Occipital Bone
Posterior Clinoid Process and Dorsum Sellae within the shadow of F.M.Parietal bone (Posterior Portion)
Posterior Portion of the F.M.OPTIC CANAL (Foramen)
Parieto-Orbital Oblique/ Orbito-Parietal/ Rhese/ Oblique/ Proj.Modified Alexander Method/ Lysholm Method
MSP 53°
MSP 40°
15° Cranially
MSP 20°
IOML ⊥
VCH/sponge
Acanthomeatal ┴
CR: 20°
Anterior clinoid process
CR: 30°
Superior orbital fissure
Sphenoid Strut
Parieto-orbital Oblique/Hough Method
MSP 20°
IOML┴
CR: 7°
Superior Orbital Fissures
PA Axial
Eccentric-Angle Parieto Orbital Proj.Modified Lysholm Method
OML ┴
MSP 20°
IOML ┴
CR: 20-25° exiting inferior orbital fissure
CR: 20° anterior clinoid process
CR: 30° superior orbital fissure
Inferior Orbital Fissures
PA Axial (Bertel Method)
MSP ┴
IOML ┴
CR: 20-25 exiting the nasion

Eye Projections

Lateral
Modified Waters
PA Axial/Caldwell
MSP ||
MSP
MSP
IPL
OML 50° IR
OML
CR: Perpendicular
CR: Perpendicular
CR: 30°
Look straight ahead
Closed Eyes
Closed Eyes
Vogt-Bone Free Pos
Parallax Motion
Sweet Method
Pfeiffer-Comberg Method
Small or Low Density Foreign Particle
Deep localization
Geometric Calculation
Leaded Contact lens
Exact location
Localizing Device

Facial Bones Projections

3.PA
Titterington (Towne/Grashey)
MSP ⊥
MSP 15° away
MSP 45° towards
IOML||
MSP ⊥
MSP ⊥
AML⊥
IOML ⊥ CR: ⊥
CN
OML ⊥ CR:30↓
IOML ⊥ CR37↓
CR: Perpendicular to IOML
CR: ⊥ IOML
CN
CR: 35↓ most prominent of zygoma
RP: ½” posterior to the outer canthus
RP: ½”
Enter vertex
Exit Zygo Arches
FOramen ovale & Spinosum
Nasal
Dens
Depressed Fx
Sphenoidal Sinus
Flat cheek bone
Maxillary Sinus
Eustaciantube
Zygomatic arches
SS: Bilateral
SS: Bilateral

Mandible Projections

PA/PA Axial Proj.
PA /PA Axial Projection
Axio-Lateral oblique proj.
AML ⊥
OML ⊥
MSP ⊥
MSP ⊥
CN
CN
MI3
CR:25°↑
CR: Perpendicular
Nose – Mb w/ TMJ
exiting acanthion
Ramus – True Lat.CR: ⊥ Lips – MB
Body – Head 30°towards IR
Mentum 45° Towards IR
CR: 30°↑ midway TMJ
CR: Perpendicular
MB with condyle
SS: Med.Displacement
↑ TMJ
Lat.of Rami

TMJ

AP axial/Towne
Lateral Oblique/Axiolateral
Oblique Transfacial Zanelli
Lateral
Albers-Schonberg (Lateral Transfacial)
Transcranial Schuller
Transcranial Projection
MI3
MSP ⊥
MI3
MSP ⊥
MSP15°
MSP 30°↓
MI3
OML ⊥
AML ||
CR: 25-30°↓
CR: 15↓
CR: 20↑
CR: ⊥
CR: 35↓
Vertex lies to IR
3” above the nasion
Closed– Condyle in mandibular Fossa
Open & close mouth
Open – Condyle below the articular tubicle

Sinus Projections

Parieto-acanthial/waters
OMW/ Open Mouth/ Water’s w/ open mouth
PA / PA axial / Caldwell
Lateral
MSP ⊥
MSP ⊥
MSP ⊥
MI3
OML 37°
OML ⊥
OML ⊥
MM ⊥
RP: Nasion
RP: ½ to 1”
RP: Acanthion
CR: 15° ↓ OML
CR: ⊥
CR: ⊥
Posterior to outercanthus
23°↓ GML
SS: All sinuses
Maxillary Sinuses
Frontal & Anterior Ethmoid Sinuses
SS: Sphenoid Sinuses

Sinus Projections Cont.

Law method
Rhese
SMV
Axial Transoral/ Pirie mthod
C2N
MSP 53°
MSP ⊥
MSP ┴
CR: 25-30°
CR: Perpendicular to IOML
IOML||
Open mouth
CR: Passing Sella Turcica
Lower Antrum
Acanthomeatal┴
Exiting mouth
Frontal
Anterior & Posterior Antrum
Frontal, Anterior & Posterior Ethmoid Sinus
Sphenoid
Sphenoidal Sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary Sinus
Eustaciantube
Zygoma
Zygomatic arches
EOW

Petro-Mastoid Portion Projections

Original Law
Modified Law
Henschen, Schuller, Lysholm
Stenvers
Arcelin
Modified Towne
Mayer
Cahoon

Mastoid Portion Projections

Original Law
Modified Law
Modified Hickey

Temporal Styloid Process

Cahoon
Fuchs
Modified Fuchs

Jugular Foramina

SMV Axial (Kemp-Harper)
Eraso modification

Hypoglossal Canal

Axiolateral oblique- Miller method
Patient in supine
IOML parallel
MSP 450 away
Pt in open mouth
CR: 120

Cranial Projections

PA and AP projections are used for various views including Axial, Caldwell, Valdini, and SMV.
Lateral and Axiolateral projections are also used, with Lysholm being a specific variation.
Towne and Haas are specific AP Axial and PA Axial projections respectively.
Inion-Nasion angle of 28° is crucial for PA Axial projections, with IOML at 50°.
Dorsum Sellae, Internal Auditory Canal, Labyrinth of the ears, Tympanic Cavities, External Auditory Canal, and Eustachian Tubes are anatomical structures commonly visualized.

Cranial Views & Projections

OML at 50°, MSP perpendicular, and IOML perpendicular are key positioning elements for various cranial views.
C2N-3 point lower margin is a crucial landmark for various cranial projections, including Rhese, Oblique, and Parieto-Orbital.
RP (radiographic position) is critical for aligning the central ray ( CR ) and ensuring appropriate image quality.
MSP ┴ (MSP perpendicular) and OML 37° are standard positioning for Waters and Parieto-Acanthial projections, with MM┴ (MM perpendicular) and GAL ┴ (GAL perpendicular) being crucial for Tangential/Supero-inferior projections.
Zygomatic arches, Orbit, Maxillae, Tripod, Leforte, and Blowout are common anatomical targets for these projections, targeting fractures, displacement, and other abnormalities.
Medial displacement and lateral displacement are key observations when evaluating fractures.

Zygomatic Arches

Tangential/SMV/Full Basal projection uses MSP ⊥ (MSP perpendicular) and IOML|| (IOML parallel) for a full view of the zygomatic arches.
May method, Titterington, and Modified Fuchs are specific variations with distinct positioning parameters.
MSP 45° towards AML⊥, CN (central ray), and IOML ⊥ CR 37↓ are important positioning elements for these projections.
Dens, Sphenoidal Sinus, Maxillary Sinus, Eustachian tube, and Zygomatic arches are common structures visualized.
Evaluating depressed fractures and flat cheek abnormalities is possible with these projections.

Mandible

PA/PA Axial Projection, PA/PA Axial Projection / Zanelli, and Axio-Lateral Oblique Projection are used to visualize the mandible, targeting different aspects.
AML ⊥, OML ⊥, and CN are important positioning cues, with specific angles for different projections.
CR aligns with different anatomical landmarks depending on the projection, for example, CR aligns with the TMJ (temporomandibular joint) for the PA/PA Axial Projection.
Medial Displacement and Lateral displacement are key observations when evaluating fractures.

TMJ

AP axial/Towne and Lateral Oblique/ Axiolateral/ Axial Transcranial Schuller are commonly used projections for TMJ evaluation.
Oblique Transfacial Zanelli and Lateral/Albers-Schonberg are specific projections with unique angulations.
Closed and Open positions of the jaw are crucial for assessing TMJ movement and positioning.

Sinuses

OM w/ Open Mouth / Waters with an open mouth are preferred for visualizing Maxillary Sinuses, Frontal & Anterior Ethmoid Sinuses, and Sphenoid Sinuses.
PA/PA axial / Caldwell and Lateral projections offer different perspectives on the sinuses.
MSP ⊥, OML ⊥, and MM ⊥ are crucial positioning elements for these projections.
RP, CR, and GML have specific angles and locations for optimal visualization.
Each sinus has its own distinctive anatomy and visual characteristics.
Law method, Rhese, and SMV are additional projections used for a comprehensive evaluation of sinuses.
Axial Transo-oral/Pirie method and Cahoon are other useful projections for sinuses evaluation.

Petromastoid Portion

Original Law, Modified Law, Henschen, Schuller, Lysholm, Stenvers, Arcelin, Modified Towne, Mayer, and Cahoon are specific techniques used for evaluating the petromastoid portion.

Mastoid Portion

Original Law, Modified Law, and Modified Hickey are specific techniques used for evaluating the mastoid portion.

Temporal Styloid Process

Cahoon, Fuchs, and Modified Fuchs are recommended projections for visualizing the temporal styloid process.

Jugular Foramina

SMV Axial (Kemp-Harper) and Eraso modification are commonly used projections for evaluating the jugular foramina.

Hypoglossal Canal

Axiolateral oblique- Miller method is the preferred technique for evaluating the hypoglossal canal, with specific positioning and CR angulation.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on various cranial projection techniques in radiography. This quiz covers angles, critical landmarks, and specific methods used in imaging the skull. Perfect for students or professionals wanting to reinforce their understanding of cranial anatomy imaging techniques.