Cranial Cavity & CSF Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of aphasia is associated with damage to the Left MCA Superior Division?

Anomic aphasia

Wernicke’s aphasia

Broca’s aphasia (correct)

Global aphasia

What is a common sensory deficit associated with the Left MCA Inferior Division?

No sensory deficits

Sensory loss in the left face and leg

Sensory loss in the right face and arm (correct)

Sensory gain in the right arm

Which artery is responsible for feeding the parasylvian zone?

Anterior cerebral artery

Basilar artery

Middle cerebral artery (correct)

Internal carotid artery

What is a likely consequence of occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)?

Homonymous hemianopia Signup and view all the answers

What type of weakness is caused by damage to the Left MCA Stem?

Severe weakness or paralysis of the right face, arm, and leg Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acetylcholine in the body?

It facilitates muscle contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of norepinephrine in the nervous system?

To enhance attention and vigilance. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'hyperpolarization' in a neuron?

Influx of negatively charged ions. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is considered the major inhibitory neurotransmitter?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary to change a neuron's resting potential?

An adequate stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes a single action potential triggering multiple excitatory postsynaptic potentials?

Divergence Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a neuron at its resting potential?

It is balanced and stable. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known for its role in mood enhancement?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of myelin in the nervous system?

To insulate axons and increase the speed of impulse transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes neurons that transmit signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS)?

Sensory neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the synapse?

To transmit and receive signals across the synaptic gap Signup and view all the answers

Which structural class of neurons has multiple processes extending from the cell body?

Multipolar neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is a neuromuscular junction?

The interface where motor neurons communicate with muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tracts is NOT recognized as part of the Indirect Activation Pathway?

Corticospinal tract Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is essential for the cerebellum to effectively function within the motor system?

Position sense and motor plan copy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common sign of cerebellar damage?

Apraxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of dysarthria?

Poor articulation of speech sounds Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by difficulty in performing rapid, alternating movements?

Dysdiadochokinesia Signup and view all the answers

Reduced spontaneous movements on the left side may indicate which condition?

Hemiparesis Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is caused by damage to the posterior parietal cortex?

Apraxia Signup and view all the answers

What role does the left hemisphere serve in most individuals?

Dominant language hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

What does diaschisis refer to in the context of brain function?

A sudden change in function in a portion of the brain connected to a damaged area Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding axonal regeneration?

CNS axons do not spontaneously regenerate after injury Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the degeneration of myelin on axons?

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Signup and view all the answers

What role does sensory information play in skilled motor acts such as speech and swallowing?

It influences motor activity and is required for execution Signup and view all the answers

Where are the afferent projections of sensory information first processed?

In the unimodal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensory receptor is responsible for sensing external stimuli like sight and smell?

Exteroceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

Interruption of blood flow leading to neuronal damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about Myasthenia Gravis (MG)?

It is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junctions Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the optic chiasm?

To decussate some visual nerve fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of injury to the optic nerve?

Complete blindness in one eye Signup and view all the answers

Where do the optic tracts in the CNS terminate?

Thalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is homonymous hemianopia?

Loss of half of the visual field on the same side of both eyes Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is associated with hearing?

Cranial Nerve VIII Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cerebellum play in voluntary movement?

It is involved in balance and coordination Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the motor system is responsible for organizing motor movements such as reflexes?

Brainstem Signup and view all the answers

What happens to visual information from the left ear after it is processed?

It crosses over to the right hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Supply & Protection

The inner surface of the cranial vault is divided into fossae
Anterior: frontal lobes
Middle: temporal lobes
Posterior: cerebellum and brainstem
Three layers of tissue cover the brain and spinal cord
- Pia mater (deepest)
- Arachnoid mater
- Dura mater (superficial)
Dura mater divides the cranial cavity into cerebral subdivisions, limiting infection/hemorrhage spread
Ventricles are interconnected cavities that produce and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
There are four ventricles
- Two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere
- Third ventricle, midline between the two cerebral hemispheres
- Fourth ventricle, between the brainstem and cerebellum
Lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle via interventricular foramina (Monro)
The third ventricle connects to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius).
Choroid plexus within the ventricles produce CSF, which protects and nourishes the brain and spinal cord

Neuronal Function

Structural Classes of Nerve Cells
- Unipolar: one process
- Bipolar: two processes (one axon, one dendrite)
- Multipolar: multiple processes (one axon, multiple dendrites)
- Pseudounipolar: one process that splits
Functional Classes of Nerve Cells
- Sensory (Afferent): transmit sensory signals
- Motor (Efferent): transmit motor commands
- Interneurons: connect sensory and motor within CNS
Basic Parts of a Neuron
- Cell body: contains nucleus and organelles
- Axon: transmits electrical impulses
- Dendrites: receive signals
Myelin: white, fatty substance that insulates axons, enabling rapid transmission
Synapse: junction between neurons, where communication occurs via neurotransmitters
Neuromuscular Junction: synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses

Neurosensory Organization

Sensory receptors are nerve endings that signal the central nervous system (CNS) upon stimulation
Three broad classes of sensory receptors:
- Exteroceptors: detect external stimuli
- Proprioceptors: detect body position and movement
- Interoceptors: sense internal stimuli
Sensory information is processed first in the unimodal cortex (primary sensory cortex)
Sensory input modalities: visual, auditory, tactile (somatosensory)
Anterolateral system carries pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, and tactile location
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus (DCML) system conveys proprioceptive sensation
Somatosensory information: ability to determine joint position without visual feedback

Motor System Organization & Disorders

Three main neural systems control voluntary movement:
- Pyramidal system
- Extrapyramidal system
- Cerebellum
Spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, limbic system, internal capsule/corona radiations, and cortex contribute to motor actions.
Pyramidal system: corticospinal, corticonuclear, corticopontine tracts
Extrapyramidal system: indirect activation pathway, regulating reflexes and maintaining posture/tone
Cerebellum: coordination, error detection/correction, ongoing monitoring of proprioception

Other

Left Hemisphere: typically dominant for language
Hemiparesis: reduced spontaneous movements on one side of the body
Homonymous hemianopia: loss of half of the visual field in both eyes
Aphasia: language disorder due to left-hemisphere damage
Cerebellar Damage: ataxia, dysmetria, intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, hypotonia, nystagmus, gait abnormalities, speech disturbances
Apraxia: motor planning difficulties from posterior parietal cortex damage
Dysarthria: motor speech disorder due from injury to the motor component of the speech system

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Description

Test your knowledge on the cranial cavity and the protective structures surrounding the brain. This quiz covers topics such as the different fossae, layers of tissue, and the ventricular system including the production of cerebrospinal fluid. Dive in to explore the anatomy and functions of these crucial components!