Cranial Cavity & CSF Quiz

Weakness or paralysis of the right face and arm due to upper motor neuron damage.

Sensory loss in the right face and arm.

Broca's aphasia.

Minimal or no motor deficits.

Sensory loss in the right face and arm.

Wernicke's aphasia.

Right visual field deficit (homonymous hemianopia).

Severe weakness or paralysis of the right face, arm, and leg (hemiplegia).

Sensory loss right face, arm, and leg.

Global aphasia

Right homonymous hemianopia.

Vertebral arteries.

Internal carotid arteries.

Feeds the parasylvian zone.

Decreases blood supply to cerebellar arteries.

Damage to occipital pole & inferolateral surface of brain hemispheres.

Located at the base of the brain.

A neuron with only one process extending from the cell body.

A neuron with two processes extending from the cell body – one axon and one dendrite.

A neuron with multiple processes extending from the cell body – one axon and multiple dendrites.

A neuron with one process that splits into two branches, functioning as a single axon.

A neuron that transmits sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).

A neuron that transmits motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.

A neuron that connects sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.

Part of a neuron containing the nucleus and organelles.

The part of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses.

The part of a neuron that receives signals.

Fatty substance insulating axons for rapid signal transmission.

Junction between two neurons for neurotransmitter communication.

Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber, triggering muscle contraction.

Chemical messenger transmitting signals between neurons or to a target cell.

Reduces the likelihood of an action potential in the receiving neuron.

Increases the likelihood of an action potential in the receiving neuron.

A neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.

Neurotransmitter linked to pleasure, reward, and certain mental illnesses like schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.

A neurotransmitter involved in attention, arousal, and concentration, mainly in the peripheral nervous system.

A neurotransmitter important for sleep, arousal, and mood.

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter, used in treating anxiety and epilepsy.

A major excitatory neurotransmitter.

GABA and glutamate.

To transmit information throughout the body.

On water content and electrical properties for normal function.

A neuron is not firing impulses but is balanced and steady.

Requires adequate stimulus altering the balance across the membrane.

Positive ion influx, triggering action potential.

Electrical impulse traveling along the axon.

Negative ion influx, making the inside more negative, reducing action potential likelihood.

One action potential triggers multiple excitatory signals.

Many neurons contribute to a single neuron’s signal.

Pathways connecting subcortical, cerebellar, and brainstem nuclei to lower motor neurons (LMNS) and some cranial nerves.

The cerebellum uses position sense and motor plan information to coordinate and refine movements.

Damage can cause ataxia (incoordination), dysmetria (movement errors), intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia (trouble with rapid movements), hypotonia (low muscle tone), nystagmus (eye movement), gait abnormalities, and dysarthria (speech impairment).

A motor disorder characterized by difficulty planning movements in response to a command.

A motor speech disorder caused by problems in the motor-speech system, leading to poor articulation of sounds.

In most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant center for language processing.

Reduced spontaneous movements on one side of the body.

Injury to the right hemisphere can lead to visuospatial impairments, affecting the understanding of a picture, or ignoring one side of space.

Language disorder resulting from left-hemisphere damage.

Sudden change in function in a brain area connected to a damaged, distant area.

CNS axons do not regenerate after injury.

PNS axons readily regenerate after injury.

Direct cell death at the site of injury.

Neuron death after initial injury and is caused by multiple things.

Widespread disease, myelin degeneration on axons.

Basal ganglia disorder, dopamine deficiency.

Autoimmune disorder, neuromuscular junction degeneration.

Progressive neurodegenerative disease, motor neuron loss.

Stroke, interrupted blood flow causing neuronal damage.

Crucial for speech production and perception, execution of actions.

Nerve ending, sends signals to the brain when stimulated.

Sensory receptors in skin responding to external stimuli.

Sensory receptors in muscles and joints sensing body position/movement.

Sensory receptors in internal organs, sensing internal stimuli.

First processing area for afferent sensory information.

Converts light into neural signals at the back of the eye.

Point where some optic nerve fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain.

Causes loss of peripheral vision in both eyes.

Cranial nerve II.

Visual fibers in the central nervous system ending at the thalamus.

Visual fibers projecting from thalamus to visual cortices.

Possible damage locations include the temporal lobe, parietal lobe, optic chiasm, or optic tracts.

Loss of half of the visual field on the same side of both eyes.

Damage to the optic tract, optic radiation, or occipital lobe.

Signifies damage to the optic nerve.

Cranial nerve VIII.

Cochlea (sensory hair cells) → NTs stimulate CN VIII → cochlear nucleus → auditory cortex

Heschl's gyrus.

Pyramidal system, extrapyramidal system, and cerebellum.

Executes low-level demands generating muscle forces.

Organizes motor movements, like reflexes and fine motor movements.