Skull Anatomy PDF

SKULL  Cranial PA / PA AXIAL/ AP / AP PA AXIAL / SMV CALDWELLL AXIAL VALDINI MSP ⊥ MSP ⊥...

SKULL  Cranial PA / PA AXIAL/ AP / AP PA AXIAL / SMV CALDWELLL AXIAL VALDINI MSP ⊥ MSP ⊥ OML ⊥ IOML|| CR: Perpendicular CR: Perpendicular to -Petrous AP AXIAL / PA AXIAL AXIOLATERAL IOML LATERAL ridges TOWNE / HAAS / LYSHOLM within obit FOramen ovale & CR:15 CR:15 MI3 Spinosum Petrous on lower third CR: ⊥ Nasal Bone CR: 20 CR:20 Dens RP: ¾” Anterior CR: 30-35° Petrous ridges are Sphenoidal Sinus ¾: Superior to EAM RP: Exiting 1” distal to completely clear of the Maxillary Sinus Sella Turcica EAM orbit RP: 2” Superior to EAM SS: obliqueEustaciantube Proj. of the Petrous pyramids are General Survey Zygomatic base of the cranium arches projected below the Examination (↓exposure) inferior Rim of the Orbit  Cranial PA / PA AXIAL/ AP / AP PA AXIAL / SMV CALDWELL AXIAL VALDINI AP AXIAL / PA AXIAL AXIOLATERAL TOWNE / HAAS LATERAL / LYSHOLM Inion-Nasion at angle 28° ↓ CR IOML 50° Dorsum Sellae Internal Auditory Canal Labyrynth of the ears OML 50° Tympanic Cavities External Auditory Canal Eustachian Tubes  Cranial PA / PA AP / AP AXIAL/ PA AXIAL / SMV CALDWELLL AXIAL VALDINI AP AXIAL / PA AXIAL AXIOLATERAL TOWNE / HAAS LATERAL / LYSHOLM MSP↓ OML↓ IOML ↓ CR: 30°↓ OML CR: 25°↑ : 37↓° IOML RP: 1 1/2 “ above nasion SS: Symetric view of Petrous pyramids Occipital Bone Posterior Clinoid Process and Dorsum Sellae within the shadow of F.M. Parietal bone (Posterior Portion) Posterior Portion of the F.M.  OPTIC CANAL (Foramen) Parieto-Orbital Eccentric-Angle Oblique/ Orbito-Parietal Orbito Parietal Oblique/ Parieto Orbital Rhese/ Oblique/ Rhese Proj. Modified Alexander Method 3 point landing Lysholm Method MSP 53° MSP 40° 15° Cranially MSP 20° IOML ⊥ VCH/sponge Acanthomeatal ┴ CR: 20° Anterior clinoid process CR: 30° CR: Perpendicular Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid Strut Parieto-orbital Oblique/Hough Method MSP 20° IOML┴ CR: 7° Demonstration of erosion of the bone caused by lesion-cavernous sinus  SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES Eccentric-Angle Parieto PA Axial Orbital Proj. Modified Lysholm Method OML ┴ MSP 20° CR: 20-25° exiting inferior orbital IOML ┴ fissure CR: 20° anterior clinoid process CR: 30° superior orbital fissure INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES PA Axial (Bertel Method) MSP ┴ IOML ┴ CR: 20-25 exiting the nasion  Eye 2. Modified 3. PA 1. Lateral Waters Axial/Caldwell MSP || MSP MSP IPL OML 50° IR OML CR: Perpendicular CR: Perpendicular CR: 30° Look straight ahead Closed Eyes Closed Eyes  Eye Vogt-Bone Parallax Sweet Pfeiffer-Com Free Pos Motion Method berg Method Small or Low Deep Geometric Leaded Density Foreign localization Calculation Contact lens Particle Exact location Localizing Device  FACIAL BONES 1. 3. PA 4. PA oblique Axial Parieto-Acanthial / 2. Lateral Oblique/Rhese Law Method Waters MSP┴ MI3 MSP 53° C2N – 3point lower OML 37° CR:┴ AML ┴ margin RP: Between the CR: 10-15 CR: 25-30° MM┴ outer canthus and C2N lower Antrum EAM level of Malar Floor ❖ Zygomatic arches surface ❖ Oblique Facial Bone Anterior & Orbit ❖ Depressed Fx of the ❖ Maxillae Frontal, Orbital Posterior ❖ TRIpod Roof, Sella Turcica, Antrum ❖ LEforte ❖ BLOWout Fx Mandible Zygoma EOW  NASAL BONES 2. 3. Parieto-Acanthial 1. Lateral Tangential/Supero- (waters) inferior MSP┴ MI3 MSP ┴ RP: 5” distal to the OML 37° GAL ┴ Nasion MM┴ Best-linear Fx Med Displacement ❖ Zygomatic arches Lat ❖ Orbit ❖ Maxillae ❖ TRIpod ❖ LEforte ❖ BLOWout  ZYGOMATIC ARCHES 1. Tangential/SMV/Full 5. Modified Basal 2. Tangential / 4. Modified Fuchs May Method 3. AP Axial Proj. Titterington MSP ⊥ (Towne/Grashey) IOML|| MSP 15° away MSP 45° towards CR: Perpendicular to IOML || MSP ⊥ AML⊥ MSP ⊥ IOML CR: ⊥ IOML CN CR: 35↓ most OML ⊥ CR:30↓ CN CR:23-38°↓ prominent of FOramen ovale & IOML ⊥ CR37↓ RP: ½” Enter vertex zygoma Spinosum posterior to the Nasal Exit Zygo Arches outer canthus Dens Depressed Fx Sphenoidal Sinus SS: Bilateral Flat cheek Maxillary Sinus bone Eustaciantube Zygomatic arches (↓exposure)  MANDIBLE 1. PA/PA Axial Proj. 2. PA /PA Axial 3. Axio-Lateral /Zanelli Projection oblique proj. MSP ⊥ MSP ⊥ MI3 AML ⊥ OML ⊥ CR:25°↑ CN CN Ramus – True Lat. CR: ⊥ Lips – MB CR: Perpendicular Body – Head 30°towards Nose – Mb w/ TMJ exiting acanthion IR CR: 30°↑ midway TMJ Mentum 45° Towards IR MB with condyle SS: Med. Displacement ↑ TMJ Lat. of Rami  TMJ 1. AP axial/ Oblique Towne Transfacial Zanelli 2. Lateral Oblique / Axiolateral / Axial 3. Lateral 4. Albers-Schonberg Transcranial Transcranial (Lateral Transfacial) Schuller Projection MSP ⊥ Modified Law MI3 MI3 MSP 30°↓ OML ⊥ CR:25-30°↓ MSP15° CR: 20↑ CR: ⊥ AML || Vertex lies CR: 35↓ CR: 15↓ to IR 3” above the nasion Closed– Condyle in mandibular Fossa Open & close mouth Open – Condyle below the articular tubicle  SINUSES 1. 2. OM w/ Open 3. PA / PA axial Parieto-acanthial/ Mouth / Water’s 4. Lateral waters w/ open mouth / Caldwell MSP ⊥ MSP ⊥ MI3 OML ⊥ CR: ⊥ OML 37° RP: ½ to 1” MM ⊥ RP: Nasion Posterior to CR: 15° ↓ OML outercanthus RP: Acanthion 23°↓ GML SS: All sinuses Maxillary Sinuses Frontal & Anterior SS: Sphenoid Sinuses Ethmoid Sinuses  SINUSES 8. Axial Transo 5. Law method 6. Rhese 7. SMV oral/ Pirie mthod MSP ⊥ MSP ┴ C2N MSP 53° IOML|| Open mouth CR: 25-30° CR: Perpendicular to CR: Passing Sella lower Antrum Acanthomeatal┴ IOML Turcica CR: Perpendicular FOramen ovale & Exiting mouth Frontal Spinosum Anterior & Nasal Frontal, Dens SS: Sphenoid sinus Posterior Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoidal Sinus Antrum Sphenoid Maxillary Sinus Eustaciantube Zygoma Zygomatic arches EOW (↓exposure) PETROMASTOID PORTION Procedures: 1. ORIGINAL LAW 2. MODIFIED LAW 3. HENSCHEN, SCHULLER, LYSHOLM 4. STENVERS 5. ARCELIN 6. MODIFIED TOWNE 7. MAYER 8. CAHOON MASTOID PORTION Procedures: 1. ORIGINAL LAW 2. MODIFIED LAW 3. MODIFIED HICKEY  Temporal Styloid Process Cahoon Fuchs Modified Fuchs Jugular Foramina SMV Axial (Kemp- Harper) Eraso modification  Hypoglossal Canal Axiolateral oblique- Miller method -Patient in supine -IOML parallel -MSP 450 away -pt in open mouth CR: 120