EA2 Study Unit 16.1-16.3 Corporate Redemptions and Liquidations
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Questions and Answers

A 100% shareholder inherits stock with a stepped-up basis and receives a dividend distribution from the corporation. How does this dividend distribution affect the shareholder's stock basis?

  • It decreases the stock basis.
  • It increases the stock basis.
  • It has no effect on the stock basis. (correct)
  • It adjusts the basis to the original owner's basis.

Which of the conditions must be met for a stock redemption to qualify as a partial liquidation?

  • The redemption must be at the discretion of the shareholder and non-pro rata.
  • The redemption must be part of a detailed, pre-approved plan and pro rata.
  • The redemption must be approved by the IRS and occur within the fiscal year.
  • The redemption must be part of a plan and may be pro rata. (correct)

If a shareholder receives stock through inheritance and the distribution during liquidation is less than the stepped-up basis, what is the likely tax consequence?

  • The shareholder will recognize a capital gain.
  • The shareholder will recognize a dividend income.
  • The shareholder will recognize a capital loss. (correct)
  • The shareholder will not have any tax consequences.

Which type of shareholder qualifies for capital gain treatment on distributions received during a partial liquidation?

<p>Only non-corporate shareholders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zebra Corporation distributes property worth $75,000 (adjusted basis of $40,000) to Tiger Corporation in a partial liquidation. Tiger Corporation has a $25,000 adjusted basis in its Zebra stock. Zebra's earnings and profits exceed the distribution amount. What is the tax effect on Tiger Corporation?

<p>Dividend of $75,000. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions would qualify a stock redemption as a sale, rather than dividend, treatment?

<p>The redemption results in a substantially disproportionate distribution to the shareholder(s). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a shareholder owns less than 50% of the voting power after redemption, the redemption is always considered substantially disproportionate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for a stock redemption to be considered 'not essentially equivalent to a dividend'?

<p>meaningful reduction in shareholder's proportionate interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a redemption to be substantially disproportionate, the shareholder must own less than ______ % of the voting power after the redemption.

<p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario typically requires a shareholder to lose control to qualify for 'not essentially equivalent to a dividend' status?

<p>A shareholder in control of a corporation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each redemption type with its primary characteristic or condition:

<p>Terminating interest = Shareholder completely ends their ownership in the corporation Substantially disproportionate = Shareholder's ownership after redemption is significantly different from before Not essentially equivalent to a dividend = Results in a meaningful reduction in shareholder's proportionate interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carol owns 275 of Allegiance Corporation’s 1,000 outstanding shares. The corporation redeems 200 shares from other shareholders. What is Carol's ownership percentage after the redemption?

<p>34.38% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The treatment of a redemption as either a sale or a dividend is determined collectively for all shareholders involved.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to constructive ownership rules, which family members' stock ownership is directly attributed to a shareholder?

<p>Spouse, Children, Grandchildren, and Parents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a shareholder is a partner in a partnership, the stock owned by that partnership is considered to be owned by the shareholder for constructive ownership purposes, but the reverse is not true.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a complete liquidation, after all creditors and shareholders have been paid, what is the value of remaining corporate assets?

<p>zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a corporate liquidation, the order of payment is: secured creditors, unsecured creditors, and lastly, ____________.

<p>shareholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shareholder A owns 40% of Corporation X's stock. Corporation X owns stock in Corporation Y. Is Shareholder A deemed to constructively own Corporation Y's stock?

<p>No, because Shareholder A does not directly own 50% or more of Corporation X. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Holding an option to buy stock is considered a form of constructive ownership.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of asset distribution in a complete corporate liquidation?

<p>Secured creditors, then unsecured creditors, then shareholders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the relationship with the corresponding constructive ownership rule:

<p>Shareholder's child = Stock owned by the child is attributed to the shareholder. Partnership = Stock owned by the partnership is attributed to the partner, and vice versa. Estate or Trust = Stock owned by the estate or trust is attributed to the beneficiary or owner. Option to buy = Shareholder is considered to own the stock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary condition for a stock redemption to be considered 'substantially disproportionate'?

<p>The shareholder's interest must be reduced to below 80% of what it was before the redemption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a complete termination of a shareholder's interest, the shareholder can retain a consulting role within the corporation without affecting the validity of the termination.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two of the three requirements that must be met to waive the family attribution rules in a stock redemption.

<ol> <li>The shareholder may not retain any interest (e.g., an employee, officer, director, or shareholder), except as a creditor, in the corporation.</li> <li>The shareholder may not acquire an interest, except by bequest or inheritance, for 10 years.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

An estate may treat a qualifying redemption (to pay death taxes) as a sale if the redeemed stock is valued at more than ______ % of the gross estate, net of deductions allowed.

<p>35</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carol owns 275 of the 1,000 shares of Allegiance Corporation. The corporation redeems 200 shares. How many shares does Carol need to have redeemed for the redemption to be substantially disproportionate?

<p>At least 100 shares (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following deductions are considered when determining if the redeemed stock is valued at more than 35% of the gross estate?

<p>Funeral expenses and administrative expenses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a shareholder waives the family attribution rules, they are permanently barred from acquiring any interest in the corporation, even through inheritance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To waive family attribution rules, a written agreement must be filed with the ________ stating that they will be notified if a prohibited interest is acquired.

<p>IRS</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a complete corporate liquidation, what happens to any unused, unexpired Net Operating Losses (NOLs), capital losses, and charitable contribution carryover amounts?

<p>They are permanently lost. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A shareholder's holding period for distributed property in a complete liquidation includes the holding period of the liquidated corporation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a complete corporate liquidation, how does a shareholder treat amounts distributed?

<p>as realized in exchange for stock</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amounts realized in a corporate liquidation include money and the ______ of other distributed property received.

<p>FMV</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shareholder S receives a liquidating distribution of property subject to a liability. How does this liability affect the amount realized by S?

<p>It reduces the amount realized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a series of liquidating distributions is made to a shareholder, which method should be used for recognizing gain or loss?

<p>Cost recovery method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shareholder P receives a liquidating distribution and recognizes a gain. What determines the character of the recognized gain or loss?

<p>The character depends on the nature of each block of stock in the hands of the shareholder. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A corporation must file Form 966 to report the adoption of a plan for complete liquidation within 60 days of adoption.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a complete liquidation, a corporation distributes land with a fair market value (FMV) of $50,000 and an adjusted basis of $20,000. The land is subject to a liability of $60,000, which the shareholder assumes. What is the corporation's recognized gain?

<p>$40,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A corporation can recognize losses on distributions in complete liquidation, even if the distributee shareholder is related, as long as the distribution is pro rata.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zaige Corporation distributes land with an adjusted basis of $19,000 to its sole shareholder during complete liquidation. The land is subject to a liability of $98,000 assumed by the shareholder. If the land's FMV is $71,000, what is Zaige Corporation's recognized gain?

<p>$79,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a shareholder assumes liabilities exceeding the fair market value of distributed property, the fair market value is treated as no less than the amount of the __________.

<p>liabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with the correct definition:

<p>Complete Liquidation = A process where a corporation distributes its assets to its shareholders and ceases to operate. Related Shareholder = A shareholder who owns more than 50% of the corporation's stock. Non-Pro Rata Distribution = A distribution where shareholders do not receive assets in proportion to their ownership. Adjusted Basis = The original cost of an asset, plus improvements, less depreciation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A corporation contributes property with a basis of $50,000 and a FMV of $30,000 to its subsidiary. Later, the corporation liquidates and distributes the property. How does the precontribution loss affect the loss recognized on distribution?

<p>The basis for computing the loss is reduced by $20,000. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a corporation distributes an asset acquired within five years through a capital contribution to a more-than-50% shareholder in a non-pro rata distribution, any realized loss is permanently disallowed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation would trigger a disallowance of losses during a corporate liquidation?

<p>Non-pro rata distribution to a shareholder owning 60% of the stock, where the distributed asset was acquired via capital contribution within the last 5 years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions by a taxpayer would prevent the IRS from shortening the period for assessing tax liability, even if Form 4810 is filed?

<p>Omission from gross income exceeding 25% of the gross income stated in the return. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A corporation must recognize both gains and losses when making distributions during a partial liquidation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form is the IRS requires a corporation to file for each calendar year in which it makes partial distributions of $600 or more under a plan of complete liquidation?

<p>Form 1099-DIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a noncorporate shareholder, a distribution is treated as a sale to the extent it is (in redemption) in __________ liquidation of the corporation.

<p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the deductibility of expenses during a corporate liquidation?

<p>Liquidation expenses are deductible by the dissolved corporation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pro rata distributions automatically disqualify a distribution from being treated as a partial liquidation resulting in sale treatment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each term with its correct description related to corporate liquidations and distributions:

<p>Form 1099-DIV = Filed for partial distributions of $600 or more under complete liquidation. Form 4810 = Filed to request prompt assessment of tax liability. Partial Liquidation = Contraction of the corporation's business.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A corporation receives a distribution in redemption for partial liquidation of another corporation. How is this distribution treated for tax purposes?

<p>As a dividend to the extent of E&amp;P of the distributing corporation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stepped Up Basis

The fair market value of inherited assets at the time of the transferor's death.

Partial Liquidation

A corporate redemption that is part of a plan where non-corporate shareholders may receive capital gain treatment.

Redemption vs. Distribution

A redemption can trigger capital gain treatment for non-corporate shareholders, while corporate shareholders recognize a dividend.

Corporate Inheritance Rule

Inheriting shares leads to a stepped-up basis without affecting the new owner's basis by dividends.

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Tax Treatment of Corporations

Corporate shareholders treat partial distributions as dividends, even with capital gains rules implied.

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Redemptions that qualify

Conditions under which a redemption can be treated differently for tax purposes.

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Not Essentially Equivalent

Indicates a meaningful reduction in a shareholder’s interest, reducing voting power generally required.

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Reduction in voting power

Necessary for a redemption to avoid being treated as a dividend; losing majority control is crucial.

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Substantially Disproportionate

Occurs when redemption amounts to shareholders differ from their stock holdings proportionally.

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Testing Disproportionate Redemption

Measured by ownership percentages before and after redemption for each shareholder.

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Control Loss Example

If a majority shareholder reduces ownership to exactly 50%, it qualifies for non-dividend treatment.

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Shareholder's Voting Power

A shareholder must own less than 50% voting power post-redemption to be substantially disproportionate.

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Constructive Ownership

Ownership percentages include not just actual shares but also deemed ownership for redemptions.

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Substantially Disproportionate Redemption

A redemption that significantly reduces a shareholder's ownership percentage below 22%.

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Ownership Threshold

Carol must reduce her shares to less than 176 for the redemption to be disproportionate.

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Minimum Shares Redeemed

Carol needs to redeem at least 100 shares for a substantial redemption.

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Termination of Interest

A shareholder’s interest must be completely terminated for a qualifying exchange.

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Family Attribution Rules

Family members' shares may influence the shareholder's ownership for redemptions.

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Ten-Year Interest Rule

A shareholder cannot reacquire interest for 10 years in certain redemptions.

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Qualifying Redemption for Estate

Allows estates to treat certain redemptions as a sale to pay death taxes.

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Corporate Gains Recognition

A corporation recognizes gains or losses on liquidating distributions as if the property was sold at FMV before distribution.

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Asset-by-Asset Basis

Gains or losses are computed individually for each asset distributed in liquidation.

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Fair Market Value (FMV)

FMV of distributed property is not less than liabilities assumed by the shareholder.

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Character of Amounts Recognized

The character of recognized amounts depends on the nature of the asset in the corporation's hands.

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Recognized Gain Formula

Recognized gain can be calculated by considering liability relief minus adjusted basis of the asset.

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Corporate Losses Recognition

Corporations generally recognize losses on liquidating distributions unless specific relationships exist.

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Precontribution Loss

Loss inherent on a contribution reduces the loss recognized on distribution.

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Loss Carryovers

Losses may be carried over if they meet specific criteria during liquidating distributions.

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Shareholder Family Stock

Includes stocks owned by a shareholder's spouse, children, grandchildren, and parents.

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Partnership Stock Ownership

Stock owned by a partnership in which the shareholder is a partner counts as owned by the shareholder.

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Estate or Trust Stock

Stock in an estate or trust where the shareholder is a beneficiary counts as owned by the shareholder.

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Corporate Ownership Threshold

Stock owned by a corporation where the shareholder owns at least 50% of the value counts as owned by the shareholder.

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Liquidation Process

In a complete liquidation, a corporation redeems stock after paying all creditors.

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Secured vs. Unsecured Creditors

In liquidation, secured creditors are paid before unsecured creditors.

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Distribution of Assets

Distributions to shareholders occur after fulfilling creditor obligations during liquidation.

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Form 1099-DIV

A form required by the IRS for corporations making distributions of $600 or more during liquidation.

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Liquidation Expenses

Expenses related to the process of dissolving a corporation can be deducted.

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Prompt Assessment Request

Form 4810 allows corporations to request quick IRS tax assessments within 18 months.

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Tax Assessment Exceptions

The 18-month assessment time is not shortened if false returns or tax evasion occur.

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Partial Liquidation Gain

When a corporation partially liquidates, it recognizes gain but not loss.

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Dividends-Received Deduction

Receivers of partial liquidations treat distributions as dividends, eligible for deductions.

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Plan for Partial Liquidation

A partial liquidation must follow a plan and result in a genuine business contraction.

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Pro Rata Distributions

These do not prevent partial liquidation sale treatment regardless of stock surrender.

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Complete Liquidation Treatment

Amounts distributed in complete liquidation are treated as realized in exchange for stock by the shareholder.

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Capital Recovery

Shareholders can recover their investment basis before recognizing any gain or loss.

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Amount Realized

Includes cash and fair market value of other distributed property, reduced by liabilities.

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Series of Liquidating Distributions

Each distribution is first applied against the stock basis, recognizing gain only when basis is exceeded.

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Character of Recognized Gain

The type of gain or loss recognized depends on the nature of each stock block held by the shareholder.

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Basis in Distributed Property

Basis in any property received is its fair market value after recognizing any gain or loss.

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Form 966 Requirement

Corporations must file this form to report potential dissolution or liquidation within 30 days.

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NOLs and Capital Losses

Unused, unexpired Net Operating Losses and capital losses are lost in liquidation scenarios.

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Study Notes

Corporate Redemptions and Liquidations - Redemptions

  • Inherited Stock: A shareholder inheriting the stock of a corporation receives a "stepped-up" basis, which means the fair market value (FMV) at the date of the transferor's death becomes the new basis for the stock.
  • Dividend Distributions: Dividend distributions do not affect the shareholder's stock basis, however, specific conditions may cause distributions to be treated as sales.
  • Stock Redemption vs. Dividend: Stock redemptions are treated as dividends unless certain conditions are met.

Corporate Redemptions and Liquidations - Partial Liquidation

  • Plan Requirement: Partial liquidations must be part of a specific plan for complete liquidation for qualifying treatment.
  • Pro Rata Distribution: The redemption can be distributed proportionally (pro rata), although non-pro-rata distributions can also be partial liquidation.
  • Post-Plan Distribution: The distribution can be in the tax year following the adoption of the plan.
  • Corporate Shareholder Disqualification: A qualifying shareholder that is a corporation does not qualify for partial liquidation benefits; they are treated differently.

Capital Gains Considerations for Liquidations

  • Inherited Stock and Capital Losses: If stock is inherited, a capital loss may occur if the distribution is less than the stepped-up basis. The case of Daniel vs. Candy Corporation illustrates this point, where the final step is relevant.
  • Non-Corporate Shareholder Treatment: Only distributions to non-corporate shareholders qualify for potential capital gain treatment, depending on conditions and the specifics.
  • Corporate Shareholder Dividend Treatment: Corporate shareholders must treat partial liquidations as dividends, not capital gains unless explicit criteria are met.

Example Scenario: Zebra Corporation and Tiger Corporation

  • Property Distribution: Zebra Corporation distributed property to Tiger Corporation as part of a partial liquidation.
  • Property Value vs Basis: The distributed property had a fair market value (FMV) of $75,000 and an adjusted basis to Zebra Corporation of $40,000. Tiger Corporation's adjusted basis in the redeemed stock was $25,000.
  • Tax Effect for Tiger Corporation: Tiger Corporation, being a corporation, must treat the partial liquidation distribution as a dividend up to the amount of Zebra Corporation's earnings and profits (E&P). Since E&P was sufficient, the full $75,000 FMV is recognized as a dividend, not as a capital gain, in this case.
  • Section 302(b)(4) Exclusion: This provision is only applicable to shareholders who are not corporations. It does not apply to Tiger Corporation in this scenario.

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Explore corporate redemptions focusing on inherited stock, dividend distributions, and partial liquidations including plan requirements and shareholder qualifications. Understand capital gains considerations, particularly when inherited stock leads to capital losses during liquidations.

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