45 Questions
What is the role of lipids or fats in atherosclerosis?
They play a key role in atherosclerosis development
Which genetic disorder is characterized by having fewer LDL receptors than normal?
Hypercholesterolemia
What is the treatment option recommended to lower cholesterol levels?
Follow a healthy diet
What is the main artery involved in a majority of myocardial infarctions?
Left anterior descending artery
Which symptom of a heart attack is more common in women than in men?
Shortness of breath
What is a common cause of sudden death in patients after a myocardial infarction?
Heart block due to conduction fibers no longer functioning
Which factor can lead to the development of cardiogenic shock?
Reduced cardiac output due to congestive heart failure
What is a common effect of rapid heart rate on cardiac output?
Reduction in blood to tissues
How can premature atrial contractions (PAC) interfere with the heart rhythm?
Completion of a circuit to re-excite damaged tissue
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinus Node
What is the main problem associated with coronary artery disease?
Insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle
Which of the following statements about arteriosclerosis is true?
It refers to the hardening and thickening of the walls of small arteries and arterioles
Which of the following is the leading cause of death in both women and men in the USA?
Coronary artery disease
Where do atheromas (plaques) typically form in atherosclerosis?
In the walls of large arteries, particularly at bifurcation points
What is a common consequence of arteriosclerosis?
Necrosis (cell death) of tissues due to ischemia
What is the primary cause of Congestive Heart Failure?
The heart's inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic needs
In Congestive Heart Failure, which side of the heart typically fails first?
It depends on the underlying cause of the condition
Which of the following is NOT a compensation mechanism that can aggravate Congestive Heart Failure?
Increased blood flow to the kidneys to improve filtration
What is the primary effect of increased renin and aldosterone secretion in Congestive Heart Failure?
Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
What is the primary effect of Sympathetic Nervous System activation in Congestive Heart Failure?
Increased heart rate, peripheral resistance, and decreased cardiac efficiency
What is the primary cause of congestive heart failure (CHF) mentioned in the text?
Coronary artery disease
What is the main effect of the left ventricle's inability to pump blood effectively in CHF?
Decreased blood flow to tissues and organs
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of left-sided heart failure mentioned in the text?
Jaundice
What is the term used in the text to describe right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary disease?
Cor pulmonale
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a sign or symptom of right-sided heart failure in the text?
Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin)
What happens in a left to right shunt in the heart?
Blood from the left side of the heart is recycled to the right side and to the lungs
What is a characteristic sign of cyanotic conditions?
Cyanosis in skin and mucous membranes
What compensation mechanism causes an increase in heart rate and force of contraction?
Increased oxygen demand in the heart
Which diagnostic test is commonly used for detecting congenital heart defects?
Echocardiograms for cardiac evaluation
What is a common treatment approach for a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
Surgical repair
What is the main difference between atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation?
Atrial flutter causes blood pooling in the atria, while atrial fibrillation does not.
What is the consequence of ventricular tachycardia?
Reduced ventricular filling time and force of contraction.
What happens during a total or third-degree heart block?
Impulses from the atria do not reach the ventricles.
How are premature ventricular contractions (PVC’s) different from ventricular fibrillation?
PVC’s interfere with heart function if they occur occasionally, but ventricular fibrillation does not.
What is the purpose of defibrillators in treating cardiac arrest?
To restore the heart's natural rhythm by interrupting disorganized signals.
What is the primary treatment for stenosis (narrowing) of the heart valve?
Surgical valve replacement
What type of valves are typically used for surgical valve replacement?
Mechanical valves or valves from animals
How often do surgically replaced valves need to be replaced?
Every 10 to 12 years
What medication is typically required after valve replacement surgery?
Warfarin or Coumadin to prevent thrombus formation
What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart condition?
Tetralogy of Fallot
What are the four defects associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
Pulmonary valve stenosis, VSD, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy
What is the primary treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot?
Surgical repair and reconstruction
What is the most common form of hypertension (high blood pressure)?
Primary or essential hypertension
Which group is more likely to develop hypertension at an earlier age?
African Americans
What is the recommended initial treatment for mild hypertension?
Lifestyle changes and diuretics
Test your knowledge on Coronary Artery Disease, including angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, arterial changes, arteriosclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Understand the leading cause of death in the USA and the damage to heart muscles due to insufficient oxygen.
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