32 Questions
What is the purpose of the stress response?
To keep the individual safe in an emergency
Which systems are impacted by stress?
Musculoskeletal, respiratory, and reproductive systems
What is the stimulus that causes stress known as?
Stressor
Which hormone might the body release when the stress response is activated?
Adrenaline
During which stage of stress does the 'fight-or-flight' response get triggered?
Alarm stage
What does the general adaptation syndrome describe?
The body's reaction to stress divided into three stages
What is the phase when the body starts to repair itself and normalizes heart rate, blood pressure, and other vital signs after the initial shock of a stressful event?
The resistance stage
What are symptoms of the resistance stage?
Frustration, irritability, and poor concentration
What happens if the resistance stage is prolonged without breaks to offset the effects of stress?
It can lead to the exhaustion stage
What are symptoms of the exhaustion stage?
Fatigue, burnout, and depression
Which of the following is NOT a common source of student stress mentioned in the text?
Family vacations
What is one of the coping strategies mentioned in the text for managing stress?
Getting enough sleep
According to an American Psychological Association (APA) study, what are students more likely to have if they are stressed?
Sleep problems, a poor diet, and a lack of exercise
What physical effects weaken during the exhaustion stage?
Reduced immunity
What stage does your body enter after the initial shock of a stressful event?
Resistance stage
What is a likely impact of long periods of stress?
Reduced stress tolerance
What is the two-component model of metacognition composed of?
Knowledge and cognition regulation
What does metacognition allow people to do according to the passage?
Regulate their cognitive skills and identify deficits
What is the reflective aspect of learning related to according to the passage?
Knowledge about cognition and oneself
What does the control aspect of learning refer to in the context of metacognition?
Monitoring, correcting, and assessing comprehension problems
According to recent research, what do metacognitively aware learners do compared to ignorant learners?
Plan, sequence, and monitor their learning more strategically
How does metacognition differ from other cognitive learning restrictions, according to the passage?
It is distinct from aptitude and domain knowledge
According to Dr. Bandura, what is self-efficacy?
The view about one's capacities to create intended levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives
Which of the following is considered one of the primary sources influencing a person's self-efficacy?
Verbal persuasion and social encouragement
What did Dr. Dweck classify people into, based on their perspectives of intelligence?
Fixed and growth mindsets
According to Dr. Dweck, what do people with a growth mindset believe?
Success is built on hard work, learning, and perseverance
What did Dr. Bandura recognize as the most effective method for instilling a strong sense of effectiveness?
Personal mastery experiences
What does outcome expectancy refer to in the context of self-efficacy theory?
The belief that specific behaviors will lead to particular outcomes
In the context of self-efficacy, what does efficacy expectation refer to?
The belief that one can effectively perform the action required to generate specific outcomes
What is the assumption underlying self-efficacy theory?
"Psychological procedures create and strengthen expectations of personal efficacy"
What does emotional arousal represent in the development and maintenance of self-efficacy?
Interpreting bodily signs of anxiety as readiness for action
In self-efficacy theory, what does vicarious experiences refer to?
Seeing someone else achieve success can help motivate you
Study Notes
Stress Response
- The purpose of the stress response is to help the body respond to threats or challenges.
- The stress response impacts multiple systems, including the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.
- The stimulus that causes stress is known as a stressor.
- When the stress response is activated, the body releases hormones like cortisol and adrenaline.
- The 'fight-or-flight' response is triggered during the alarm stage of stress.
General Adaptation Syndrome
- The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's response to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
- During the alarm stage, the body's 'fight-or-flight' response is triggered, and the body prepares to respond to the stressor.
- The resistance stage is when the body starts to repair itself and normalizes heart rate, blood pressure, and other vital signs after the initial shock of a stressful event.
- Symptoms of the resistance stage include increased energy and alertness.
- If the resistance stage is prolonged without breaks, it can lead to physical and emotional exhaustion.
- Symptoms of the exhaustion stage include fatigue, decreased motivation, and increased illness.
Stress Management
- Common sources of student stress include academic pressure, relationships, and financial concerns.
- One coping strategy for managing stress is taking breaks and engaging in relaxation techniques.
- According to the American Psychological Association (APA), stressed students are more likely to have headaches, stomach problems, and sleep disturbances.
Metacognition
- The two-component model of metacognition consists of the reflective aspect (thinking about thinking) and the control aspect (controlling thinking processes).
- Metacognition allows people to think about their own thinking, evaluate their learning, and make adjustments as needed.
- The reflective aspect of learning is related to evaluating one's own learning processes.
- The control aspect of learning refers to controlling thinking processes to achieve learning goals.
- Metacognitively aware learners are more effective at planning, monitoring, and evaluating their own learning compared to ignorant learners.
- Metacognition differs from other cognitive learning restrictions in that it involves being aware of and controlling one's own thinking processes.
Self-Efficacy
- According to Dr. Bandura, self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in their ability to perform a specific task or achieve a specific goal.
- One of the primary sources influencing a person's self-efficacy is their personal accomplishments.
- Dr. Dweck classified people into two categories: fixed mindset (intelligence is fixed) and growth mindset (intelligence can be developed).
- People with a growth mindset believe that their abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work.
- Dr. Bandura recognized that vicarious experiences, such as observing others, can be an effective method for instilling a strong sense of self-efficacy.
- Outcome expectancy refers to the expected outcome of a behavior or action.
- Efficacy expectation refers to the confidence in one's ability to perform a specific task or achieve a specific goal.
- The assumption underlying self-efficacy theory is that people's beliefs about their capabilities influence their behaviors and motivation.
- Emotional arousal, such as anxiety or excitement, can influence the development and maintenance of self-efficacy.
- Vicarious experiences, such as observing others, can influence the development and maintenance of self-efficacy.
Explore the biological and psychological aspects of stress and its impact on different body systems. Learn about stressors and their effects on human health.
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