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Questions and Answers
What is mass percent and how is it calculated?
What is mass percent and how is it calculated?
Mass percent is the mass of solid solute in grams present in 100 grams of the solution, calculated using the formula Mass% = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) * 100.
How do you determine the volume percent of a solution?
How do you determine the volume percent of a solution?
Volume percent is determined using the formula Volume% = (Volume of solute / (Volume of solute + Volume of solvent)) * 100.
Define solubility in the context of a solute's saturation in a solvent.
Define solubility in the context of a solute's saturation in a solvent.
Solubility is the amount of solute that can dissolve in 100 grams of solvent to form a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
What are the mass solubility of sodium chloride and potassium nitrate in 100 g of water at 40°C?
What are the mass solubility of sodium chloride and potassium nitrate in 100 g of water at 40°C?
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Explain the significance of the mass percent formula in solution concentration.
Explain the significance of the mass percent formula in solution concentration.
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What does the term 'saturated solution' mean?
What does the term 'saturated solution' mean?
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Why might mass percent be preferred over volume percent when measuring solutions?
Why might mass percent be preferred over volume percent when measuring solutions?
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What role does temperature play in the solubility of substances?
What role does temperature play in the solubility of substances?
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What is a substance with negligible solubility called?
What is a substance with negligible solubility called?
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How does the size of solute particles affect solubility?
How does the size of solute particles affect solubility?
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What happens to the solubility of most solids in water as temperature increases?
What happens to the solubility of most solids in water as temperature increases?
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Describe what a solubility curve represents.
Describe what a solubility curve represents.
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What is unique about the solubility of sodium chloride as temperature increases?
What is unique about the solubility of sodium chloride as temperature increases?
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What is an example of a salt that first increases and then decreases in solubility with temperature?
What is an example of a salt that first increases and then decreases in solubility with temperature?
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How does stirring affect the rate of dissolution?
How does stirring affect the rate of dissolution?
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Which factor decreases the solubility of a gas in a liquid?
Which factor decreases the solubility of a gas in a liquid?
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What is a key step in determining the solubility of a solute in water?
What is a key step in determining the solubility of a solute in water?
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What occurs when a solute becomes supersaturated?
What occurs when a solute becomes supersaturated?
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Study Notes
Concentration of a Solution
- Concentration represents the amount of solute in a specific quantity of solution and can be expressed using various methods.
Mass Percent
- Mass percent is calculated using the formula:
> Mass% = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) * 100 - Typically used when solute is a solid and solvent is a liquid.
- Example: In a solution with 10 grams of sodium chloride and 90 grams of water, the mass percent is 10%.
Volume Percent
- Volume percent is determined using the formula:
> Volume% = (Volume of solute / Total volume of solution) * 100 - Most applicable when both solute and solvent are liquids.
- Example: Mixing 30 mL of alcohol with 70 mL of water results in a volume percent of 30%.
Solubility
- Solubility refers to the amount of solute that can dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a specific temperature.
- Different substances have varying solubilities; potassium nitrate has higher solubility compared to sodium chloride in water at 40°C with values of 63 g and 36.5 g, respectively.
- A solute's solubility represents the maximum amount needed to saturate a solvent.
Solubility Categories
- Insoluble: Substances like silver chloride with negligible solubility (0.000015 g).
- Sparingly Soluble: Compounds like calcium hydroxide, which has a solubility of 0.17 g.
- Soluble: Highly soluble substances such as sodium chloride.
Factors Affecting Solubility
- Size of Solute Particles: Smaller particles increase surface area, enhancing solubility.
- Stirring: Promotes greater solvent exposure to solute, accelerating dissolution.
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Temperature:
- The solubility of gases in liquids decreases with temperature.
- The solubility of most solids generally increases with temperature (e.g., potassium nitrate solubility rises from 31.6 g at 20°C to 108 g at 60°C).
Variation in Solubility with Temperature
- Solubility curves graphically represent solubility changes concerning temperature, with solubility on the y-axis and temperature on the x-axis.
Solubility Curves of Common Compounds
- Sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate: exhibit significant increases in solubility with rising temperature.
- Sodium chloride: shows slight increases in solubility with temperature.
- Hydrated calcium sulfate: solubility initially rises then falls after a certain temperature.
Anomalous Solubility
- Certain salts, like Glauber's salt (Na2SO4.10H2O), display increases in solubility up to a specific temperature (32.8°C) before decreasing due to equilibrium with anhydrous forms.
Determining Solubility
- Identify the temperature for solubility assessment.
- Weigh a specific mass of solute.
- Place solute in a known mass of water and agitate.
- Heat the solution to the desired temperature.
- Calculate dissolved solute mass:
> Mass of solute dissolved = (Total mass of solute - Mass of undissolved solute).
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Description
Learn about the concentration of a solution, including the concept of mass percent, its formula, and examples. Understand how it is used to express the amount of solute in a solution.
