Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine System, Muscle Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What initiates the shortening process in muscle contraction?

  • Hydrolysis of ATP transferring energy to myosin head
  • Activation of Ryanodine receptors on S.R.
  • Release of Acetylcholine at the Neuromuscular Junction
  • Binding of Myosin to Actin forming a crossbridge (correct)

    • Which receptors are found on the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (S.R.) in muscle contraction?

  • Foot Proteins
  • Dihydropyridine receptors (DHP)
  • Ryanodine receptors (RyR) (correct)
  • Troponin binding sites

    • What does Calcium do in muscle contraction?

  • Binds to Troponin binding sites (correct)
  • Removes Tropomyosin to expose actin's binding site
  • Releases energy for the power stroke
  • Detaches myosin head from actin

    • Which event directly leads to the formation of a CrossBridge in muscle contraction?

    <p>Binding of Myosin to Actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the Power Stroke in muscle contraction?

    <p>Hydrolysis of ATP transferring energy to myosin head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

    <p>Binds to myosin head and detaches it from actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the primary target tissues of the Nervous System?

    <p>Muscles, glands, and adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Endocrine System?

    <p>Regulate long-term processes in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle type is classified as 'Striated'?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the thin filaments in muscle physiology?

    <p>Actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein attaches the entire muscle fiber unit to the sarcolemma?

    <p>Dystrophin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for ATP production in muscle cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Titin in muscle physiology?

    <p>Stabilizing the thick filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is calcium stored in a muscle cell?

    <p>Sarcoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Calmodulin in muscle contraction?

    <p>Binds with calcium ions to activate Enzyme MLKinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of smooth muscle consists of discrete units that must be separately stimulated by nerves to contract?

    <p>Multiunit smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of single-unit smooth muscle?

    <p>Contain gap junctions for electrical linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes multiunit smooth muscle from single-unit smooth muscle?

    <p>Multiunit contracts all together, while single-unit contracts individually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of muscle are cells interconnected by intercalated discs formed by gap junctions and desmosomes?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of cardiac muscle contraction compared to skeletal muscle contraction?

    <p>Contraction is all-or-nothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle fibers stop at glycolysis and are anaerobic?

    <p>Fast-glycolytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fibers have fewer blood vessels due to the lack of myoglobin?

    <p>Fast-glycolytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of muscle fatigue related to lack of ATP?

    <p>Accumulation of lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain plays a role in maintaining balance and controlling eye movements?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic disease affects 1-3 men and causes inadequate shortening and lengthening of muscles?

    <p>Muscular dystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle fibers fatigue less and are rich in red color due to increased myoglobin?

    <p>Oxidative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure monitors the force/tension created by muscles and protects them from excessive injury?

    <p>Golgi tendon organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle lacks striations and has spindle-shaped cells with single nuclei?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is associated with the basal nuclei in the cerebral primary motor cortex?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cerebrocerebellum play in motor control?

    <p>Initiating voluntary activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

    <p>Breaks down into ADP + P during contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of energy for muscle contraction as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fibers are frequently used in daily activities such as walking and standing?

    <p>Slow-oxidative (type 1) fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Isometric contractions?

    <p>Force is created with no movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Length-Tension Relationship in muscle contractions?

    <p>Optimal length allows for the most crossbridges to form, maximizing strength during contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to Rigor Mortis in muscles?

    <p>Inability to release calcium due to lack of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Twitch represent in muscle contractions?

    <p>Brief, weak contraction from a single action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Twitch Summation differ from Tetanus?

    <p>'Twitch → Twitch Summation' results from single action potentials, while Tetanus is due to sustained contractile activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which energy source is involved in transferring high-energy phosphate to ADP during muscle contraction?

    <p>Creatine Phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Muscle Contraction Mechanics

    • Shortening in muscle contraction is initiated by the sliding filament theory, where actin filaments slide over myosin filaments.
    • The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (S.R.) contains receptors for ryanodine and dihydropyridine that facilitate calcium release.
    • Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change that allows myosin heads to attach to actin, leading to cross-bridge formation.
    • The Power Stroke occurs when Myosin heads pivot, pulling actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere.
    • ATP is crucial as it provides energy for the detachment of myosin heads from actin and resets the mysin heads for the next contraction.

    Nervous and Endocrine Systems

    • Primary target tissues of the Nervous System include muscles and glands, facilitating immediate responses to stimuli.
    • The Endocrine System primarily regulates long-term changes in the body such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction through hormone secretion.

    Muscle Fiber Types and Characteristics

    • Striated muscle types encompass skeletal and cardiac muscles, characterized by a banded appearance due to organized myofilaments.
    • Thin filaments primarily consist of actin, which interacts with myosin during contraction.
    • Dystrophin protein connects the muscle fiber unit to the sarcolemma, providing structural support.
    • Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for ATP production in muscle cells.

    Specialized Proteins and Ion Regulation

    • Titin acts as a molecular spring, maintaining the structural integrity and elasticity of muscle fibers.
    • Calcium for contraction is stored in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, released during excitation-contraction coupling.
    • Calmodulin binds to calcium and mediates calcium-dependent signaling, particularly in smooth muscle contraction.

    Smooth Muscle Variants

    • Multiunit smooth muscle requires individual nerve stimulation for contraction, while single-unit smooth muscle contracts as a coordinated unit due to gap junctions.
    • Single-unit smooth muscle exhibits rhythmic contractions, while multiunit smooth muscle allows for more precise control.

    Cardiac Muscle Features

    • Cardiac muscle fibers are connected by intercalated discs formed by gap junctions and desmosomes, enabling synchronicity in contractions.
    • Cardiac muscle contractions are more sustained compared to the rapid contractions of skeletal muscle, due to prolonged action potential periods.

    Muscle Fiber Fatigue and Activity

    • Fast-twitch muscle fibers, which predominantly rely on anaerobic pathways, fatigue quickly and do not utilize myoglobin efficiently.
    • Slow-twitch muscle fibers are more fatigue-resistant, containing abundant myoglobin and supplying a rich red color, suited for endurance activities.
    • Muscle fatigue often results from ATP depletion, which inhibits the cross-bridge cycling required for contraction.

    Coordination and Balance

    • The cerebellum plays a critical role in maintaining balance and coordinating eye movements, essential for overall motor control.

    Genetic and Physiological Implications

    • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy affects predominantly men, leading to inadequate muscle shortening and lengthening.
    • Twitch refers to a single muscle contraction in response to stimulation; Twitch Summation occurs when multiple contractions build on each other, while Tetanus represents a sustained contraction without relaxation.

    Energy Dynamics in Muscles

    • Creatine phosphate acts as a high-energy phosphate donor, replenishing ATP during muscle contraction, essential for sustaining energy during activities.
    • Isometric contractions involve muscle tension without changes in muscle length, crucial for stabilization.

    Structural Relationships

    • The Length-Tension Relationship describes the optimal overlap between actin and myosin for effective contraction strength, crucial for muscle performance.
    • Rigor Mortis occurs due to lack of ATP, preventing myosin from detaching from actin, resulting in sustained muscle contraction post-mortem.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the differences between the nervous and endocrine systems, including their response time and target tissues, as well as the types of muscle (skeletal, cardiac, smooth) and the structure of skeletal muscle fibers. Test your knowledge about these biological systems and muscle physiology in this quiz.

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