Comparing Ourselves to Others
65 Questions
5 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which animals have passed the mirror test?

  • Humans and great apes (correct)
  • Dolphins and elephants
  • Magpies and ants
  • All of the above

    • What is self-concept?

  • The belief people hold about themselves
  • The processing of self-relevant information
  • The modification of personal beliefs
  • The sum total of personal attributes (correct)

    • What are self-schemas?

  • Beliefs about oneself that modify personal attributes
  • Beliefs about oneself that guide the processing of self-relevant information (correct)
  • Beliefs about oneself that predict future events
  • Beliefs about oneself that sum up personal attributes

    • What is affective forecasting?

    <p>Predicting how we would feel in response to future events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact bias?

    <p>Overestimating the strength and duration of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is introspection?

    <p>Creating convincing explanations for our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study on background music and mood reveal?

    <p>People feel good for unknown reasons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Self Perception Theory?

    <p>The theory that people gain insight into themselves by watching their own behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the over justification effect?

    <p>When intrinsic motivation for an activity decreases when rewarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of social comparison?

    <p>To evaluate one's own abilities and opinions by comparing oneself to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of upward comparison on self-perception?

    <p>It makes one rate themselves worse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe changes in emotion caused by changes in facial expression?

    <p>Facial feedback hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Marzoli et al. (2013) find about facial expressions and emotions?

    <p>Those frowning felt more angry, even though they said mood was not impacted by sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Wood et al. (2000) find about Waterloo students and social comparisons?

    <p>Waterloo students spontaneously compare themselves to those less successful when wanting to feel better about themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the sociometer theory, why do people seek social approval from others?

    <p>Because they are inherently social</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between collectivist and individualistic cultures?

    <p>Collectivist cultures are more likely to list group identities, while individualistic cultures are more likely to list traits and goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between self-esteem and success in life?

    <p>Self-esteem is a consequence of success in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people has higher self-esteem scores compared to White people?

    <p>African Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of autobiographical memory?

    <p>To inform self-concept and personal history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Group 1 and Group 2 in the epinephrine injection study?

    <p>Group 1 was injected with epinephrine and told what the drug would do, while Group 2 was injected with epinephrine but not told about the effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between European American and East Asian participants in the survey conducted by Kim & Markus?

    <p>European American participants chose the common color pen, while East Asian participants chose the unique color pen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Baumeister (1991), what are some methods people use to stop thinking about something?

    <p>Self-medicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-regulation?

    <p>The process of controlling thoughts, feelings, or behavior to achieve a personal or social goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural group tends to use self-enhancement tactics?

    <p>Individualists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spotlight effect?

    <p>The tendency to believe that others are paying more attention to them than they actually are</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the goals of strategic self-presentation?

    <p>Ingratiation and self-promotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Pontari & Schlenker (2000), what is a negative aspect of strategic self-presentation?

    <p>Conceited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Candy Mirror test?

    <p>A test to measure self-awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spotlight effect based on?

    <p>Overestimating the extent to which one's actions and appearance are noticed by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some methods people may use for self-regulation?

    <p>Controlling thoughts, feelings, or behavior to achieve a personal or social goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals have passed the mirror test?

    <p>Humans, great apes, dolphins, and elephants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-concept?

    <p>The sum total of an individual's beliefs about personal attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is affective forecasting?

    <p>Predicting how we would feel in response to future events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is introspection?

    <p>Thinking about ourselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact bias?

    <p>Overestimating the strength and duration of our emotional responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study on background music and mood reveal?

    <p>People are not aware of the impact of background music on their mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Wood et al. (2000) find about Waterloo students and social comparisons?

    <p>Waterloo students engage in more social comparisons than other students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of self-perception theory?

    <p>To gain insight into our own behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what can cause changes in emotion?

    <p>Changes in facial expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the over justification effect?

    <p>When intrinsic motivation diminishes for activities that are rewarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study on kids playing with markers find?

    <p>Kids who were told they would receive a gold star colored less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of social comparison theory?

    <p>People evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study on social media and self-perception find?

    <p>Passive scrolling on social media is associated with feeling worse about oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study on Waterloo students and social comparisons find?

    <p>Waterloo students spontaneously compare themselves to those less successful when wanting to feel better about themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between autobiographical memory and other types of memory?

    <p>Autobiographical memory is a memory of personal history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recency effect in autobiographical memory?

    <p>It refers to remembering the things at the end of a list.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between collectivist and individualistic cultures in terms of self-identity?

    <p>Collectivist cultures prioritize the importance of the interdependent self, while individualistic cultures prioritize the importance of the independent self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the study conducted by Kim & Markus (1999) on European American and East Asian participants?

    <p>European American participants chose the unique color pen more often than East Asian participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between trait and state elements of self-esteem?

    <p>Trait elements of self-esteem are more stable over a lifetime, while state elements fluctuate in response to feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of sociometer theory?

    <p>To explain why people seek social approval from others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some outcomes associated with high self-esteem?

    <p>Happiness, healthiness, productivity, and success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method people may use to stop thinking about something, according to Baumeister (1991)?

    <p>Fix what we are feeling bad about</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process by which people control their thoughts, feelings, or behavior in order to achieve a personal or social goal?

    <p>Self-Regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-regulation is

    <p>A difficult process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural group tends to use self-enhancement tactics, according to the text?

    <p>Individualists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spotlight effect based on, according to Gilovich et al. (2000)?

    <p>The belief that one's actions and appearance are noticed by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of self-presentation mentioned in the text?

    <p>Strategic self-presentation and self-verification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Pontari & Schlenker (2000), what is a negative aspect of strategic self-presentation?

    <p>It takes cognitive energy to pretend to be someone we're not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between individualists and collectivists in terms of self-esteem, according to the text?

    <p>Individualists tend to have higher self-esteem than collectivists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Candy Mirror test mentioned in the text?

    <p>An experiment involving candy and mirrors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of self-regulation?

    <p>The process by which people control their thoughts, feelings, or behavior in order to achieve a personal or social goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spotlight effect?

    <p>The tendency to believe that the social spotlight shines more brightly on them than it really does.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-presentation?

    <p>Strategies that people use to shape what others think of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the goals of strategic self-presentation?

    <p>Ingratiation (getting along with others) and self-promotion (getting ahead of others).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spotlight effect based on?

    <p>The tendency to overestimate the extent to which their actions and appearance are noticed by others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Animals and Self-Awareness

    • Chimpanzees, orangutans, dolphins, and humans have passed the mirror test, indicating self-awareness.
    • The mirror test assesses an individual's ability to recognize themselves in a mirror.

    Self-Concept

    • Self-concept refers to an individual's understanding of themselves, including their values, beliefs, and personality traits.
    • Self-concept is shaped by self-schemas, which are mental frameworks that organize information about oneself.

    Affective Forecasting

    • Affective forecasting is the process of predicting how one will feel in the future.
    • The impact bias refers to the tendency to overestimate the duration of emotional states, particularly negative ones.

    Introspection

    • Introspection is the process of examining one's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

    Music and Mood

    • A study on background music and mood found that music can influence emotional states, with fast music increasing energy and slow music increasing relaxation.

    Self-Perception Theory

    • The self-perception theory suggests that people form attitudes and beliefs about themselves by observing their own behavior and the circumstances in which it occurs.

    Over Justification Effect

    • The over justification effect occurs when people attribute their behavior to external factors, rather than internal motivations.

    Social Comparison

    • Social comparison is the process of evaluating oneself by comparing oneself to others.
    • The purpose of social comparison is to assess one's abilities, opinions, and values.
    • Upward comparison can lead to decreased self-perception, while downward comparison can lead to increased self-perception.

    Facial Expressions and Emotions

    • The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional states.
    • A study by Marzoli et al. (2013) found that facial expressions can influence emotional states, with participants who smiled more reporting increased happiness.

    Cultures and Self-Identity

    • Collectivist cultures prioritize group identity, while individualistic cultures prioritize individual identity.
    • Self-esteem tends to be higher in individualistic cultures.

    Autobiographical Memory

    • Autobiographical memory is a type of memory that focuses on personal experiences and events.
    • The main purpose of autobiographical memory is to maintain a sense of self-continuity.

    Regulation and Self-Presentation

    • Self-regulation is the process of controlling one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to achieve a personal or social goal.
    • Strategic self-presentation involves deliberately presenting oneself in a particular way to achieve a goal.
    • The spotlight effect is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others are paying attention to one's behavior.

    Additional Notes

    • The study by Wood et al. (2000) found that people tend to compare themselves to others who are similar to them.
    • According to Baumeister (1991), people may use distraction, repression, or suppression to stop thinking about something.
    • The sociometer theory suggests that people seek social approval from others to maintain a sense of self-worth.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    "Understanding the Impact of Comparing Ourselves to Others: Emotion Quiz" - Test your knowledge on how our emotions can be influenced by comparing ourselves to others. Explore the results of a study involving the injection of adrenaline and its effects on different groups.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser