Community Health and Infant Mortality Data Analysis

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Questions and Answers

What was the infant mortality rate for Hispanic mothers who had between 12 years of education?

13.7 infant deaths per 1,000 live births

20.8 infant deaths per 1,000 live births

26.5 infant deaths per 1,000 live births

30.6 infant deaths per 1,000 live births (correct)

What does a negative slope index of inequality indicate in terms of infant mortality rates?

The infant mortality rate is increasing

Infant mortality rates are equal across all education levels

There is no change in infant mortality rates

The infant mortality rate is decreasing (correct)

At what cumulative percent of the population does the infant mortality rate show a significant decline for mothers educated for 13-15 years?

80%

20%

40% (correct)

60%

Which age group of education shows the highest percentage of infant deaths per 1,000 live births?

0-8 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall trend indicated by the graph regarding educational levels and infant mortality rates?

Higher education is associated with lower infant mortality rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the ecological perspective in community health?

Interaction between individuals and their environments Signup and view all the answers

Which concept addresses the fair distribution of health outcomes and resources?

Health Equity Signup and view all the answers

How is disparity defined in the context of health?

The quantity that separates a group from a reference point on a health measure Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of inequity refer to?

A difference in resource allocation between groups Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the concept of inequality?

The degree of variation in rates among unordered groups Signup and view all the answers

Which resource is NOT typically associated with the concept of inequity?

Transportation availability Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the social determinants of health?

They encompass a range of factors that affect health outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best defines a burden in relation to health?

The overall impact of health conditions on individuals or groups Signup and view all the answers

Which group is more likely to report fair or poor health status compared to non-Aboriginal people with equal income levels?

Aboriginal peoples Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as one of the main causes of health inequalities according to the WHO?

Different experiences in early childhood Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canadians live in deep poverty?

18% Signup and view all the answers

Spousal violence rates for Aboriginal women are how many times higher compared to non-Aboriginal women or men?

Which factor is NOT mentioned as interdependent in contributing to health disparities?

Access to technology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups tends to be healthier upon arrival in Canada but experiences health deterioration within a decade?

Immigrants Signup and view all the answers

Health inequities are predominantly linked to which of the following?

Social inequalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of being homeless in connection with health?

Increased risk of chronic diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which group experienced the highest number of infant deaths?

Mothers with 12 years of education Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'inequity' in the context of health disparities?

The disparity due to differences in socio-economic, environmental, or healthcare resources Signup and view all the answers

How many infant deaths were recorded for mothers with 16 years or more of education?

3,231 Signup and view all the answers

Which concept would most likely ask about the distribution of resources among population groups?

Inequity Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary research question concerning 'burden' in health disparities?

How many people would benefit from interventions? Signup and view all the answers

What education level corresponds to 3,836 recorded infant deaths?

9-11 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options best defines 'disparity'?

A difference in health status rates between population groups Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which educational level does not show a significant number of infant deaths?

16 years or more Signup and view all the answers

Which determinant of health addresses the context of where people reside?

Housing Signup and view all the answers

What overarching action is recommended to reduce health inequity?

Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money, & resources Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the recognized determinants of health according to the Community Health Nurses of Canada?

Cultural Continuity Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'social determinants of health'?

Structural factors that impact health beyond individual control. Signup and view all the answers

Which determinant related to workforce issues is recognized as influencing health?

Unemployment and Job Security Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a social determinant of health?

Eating habits Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'social exclusion' refer to in the context of health determinants?

Lack of community support Signup and view all the answers

According to the definitions provided, which factor would directly influence social health outcomes?

Social support networks Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is emphasized as a significant contributor to health inequities?

Policy Choices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is emphasized as impacting health on a broad scale?

Social policies and legislation Signup and view all the answers

Colonization is recognized as a specific determinant affecting which population's health?

Aboriginal populations Signup and view all the answers

Which group is identified in the content as having specific health challenges due to social determinants?

Aboriginal populations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included as one of the three overarching recommendations by the WHO to address health inequities?

Improve daily living conditions Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'education' play among social determinants of health?

It enhances decision-making related to health. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is primarily associated with 'unemployment' in the context of health determinants?

Income distribution Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of physical environments in determining health?

They can contribute to health disparities across different groups. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Community Health Nursing - Week 2

This week's focus is on social determinants of health, health equity, and health promotion.
The module covers the context, disparities, critical questions, and the social determinants themselves.
The ecological perspective highlights the interactions between individuals and their communities, considering physical and social environments. Public health is influenced by social, economic, and environmental factors, in addition to individual behavior.

Determinants of Health

Social determinants of health influence public health & well-being, not just individual behavior.
The four concepts of disparity, inequity, inequality, and burden are examined when assessing what influences health.

Concept of Disparity

Disparity quantifies the difference between a group and a reference point using health rate measures (e.g., rate, proportion, mean).

Concept of Health Equity

Health equity promotes a fair distribution of health determinants, outcomes, and resources within and between population segments, regardless of social standing.

Concept of Inequity

Inequity describes differences in resource distribution among groups often expressed as specific rates for each group. - Examples of resources include health insurance, education, flu vaccines, fresh food, and clean air.

Concept of Inequality

Inequality measures the degree of association between differences in group rates and population distribution among groups. - Variation in rates among groups is weighted by group size, using race and ethnicity as an example.

Concept of Burden

Burden assesses the difference in the number of individuals affected for different groups. - Larger groups often experience a larger burden in their health issues.

Educational Inequality in Infant Mortality (US 2005)

Presented data showing that infant mortality rates decline with increasing years of education, and that this difference is greater in white non-Hispanic mothers than in Hispanic mothers.

Distinctions Among the Concepts

This section provides a table outlining research questions, and application to policy or program planning for the concepts of disparities, inequity, inequality, and burden.

The Full Picture

Health disparities often stem from social, economic, and cultural inequities that lead to disproportionate burdens of ill health and social suffering.

Setting the Context

Poorer people, in all countries, face higher rates of illness and shorter lifespans compared to wealthier individuals. Health inequalities are widespread across all of society.

Setting the Context: Health Inequities & Disparities

Canada generally boasts a high standard of living with a commitment to universal health care, equity, and opportunity.
Despite this, some populations in Canada still face greater burdens of illness than others.

Socially Excluded, Marginalized, &/or at Risk Populations

This section lists groups in Canada who often face greater health challenges: - Aboriginal peoples - The poor - Immigrants - The homeless - Refugees - The Disabled - Some women - LGBTQ+ - The elderly

Some Research Statistics

Significant disparities in health outcomes are linked to socioeconomic status.
Populations living in remote communities often have below-average health outcomes. - Aboriginal people experience poorer health than non-Aboriginal people with the same income levels. - Issues like spousal violence and poverty contribute to these health differences.
Immigrants typically arrive in Canada with better health than native-born Canadians, though their health may worsen over time.

What Causes Health Inequalities?

Health inequalities are differences in health status between individuals & groups often connected to personal, social, economic, environmental factors.
WHO outlines five main root causes of health inequalities: Differences in power and resources, exposure to health risks, impacts from exposure, impacts from being sick, and experiences in early childhood.

What are Health Disparities & Inequities?

Health disparities identify differences in health status among populations distinguished by factors like socio-economic status, aboriginal identity, gender, and geographic location.
These differences often stem from unequal distribution of health-influencing factors.

What are Health Inequities & Disparities?

Health inequities indicate avoidable, unfair, and systematically related differences in health outcomes associated with social inequalities like income, race, gender, and more.
Health disparities may arise from the broader social, economic, political, environmental, and cultural contexts.

Health Inequities & Disparities Affect Everyone

Health problems disproportionately impacting specific groups also burden overall society, creating community challenges and impacting the health system and economy.

How Can Disparities Be Addressed?

Comparing health systems (e.g.Sweden, the UK) with Canada can inform policy adjustments.
Examining current health disparity measurement practices, and exploring successful programs in other systems, can be helpful.
Developing culturally sensitive public health promotion initiatives to support vulnerable populations.

How can disparities be addressed?

Analyze current health policies.
Work with others to advocate for and/or develop ‘healthy’ policy options.
Work with populations who experience the most health disparities to learn about their lives, needs, and perspectives.

Thinking “Upstream”

Focuses on making smarter decisions and creating the best conditions for all people to achieve complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

Upstream vs Downstream

Upstream strategies focus on prevention and promotion measures to benefit the entire population.
Downstream concerns individual treatment of a problem after it arises.

Theory and Upstream Thinking

Upstream approaches, informed by critical social theory, analyze health issues within broader social contexts, rather than focusing solely on individual behaviors.
Upstream strategies seek to change social structures, instead of just individual behaviors.

Public Health and Community Services

Their focus is on preventative healthcare, including skill-building, and creating a positive environment.

Downstream Thinking

This focuses on treating pre-existing health problems.

Application

The concept of social determinants of health is applied to specific at-risk populations within various groups. A group-based study of case studies might be beneficial to understanding the factors.

Next: Theory

This segment focuses on the theories that can support the work of community health nurses, particularly related to populations who may face health disparities.

References

Detailed list of references is shown for the presentations. This section provided to demonstrate the research behind claims & findings presented in the slides.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

This quiz explores the relationship between maternal education levels and infant mortality rates, focusing on specific demographic factors. It covers concepts such as inequality, inequity, and social determinants of health within the context of community health equity. Test your understanding of these critical issues in public health.