Communication Apprehension and Variables Quiz
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What best describes Communication Apprehension?

  • A person's excitement about public speaking
  • A person's response to unease about public presentations (correct)
  • A type of social media interaction
  • A method of measuring anxiety levels

    • Abstract variables in research always relate to concrete indicators.

    False

    What does controlled experimental design help establish?

    Causality

    Communication Apprehension can result in _______ symptoms like a faster heartbeat.

    <p>physical arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms to their definitions:

    <p>Hypotheses = Specific predictions about relationships between variables Variables = Characteristics or conditions that can change Indicators = Things that suggest the presence of a concept Research Questions = Broad inquiries that explore relationships between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of variable is the 'Texted relational maintenance strategy' considered?

    <p>Independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Participants who abstain from social media are presumed to have similar engagement levels in mediated activities compared to those who do not.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one physical symptom people may experience due to Communication Apprehension.

    <p>Hives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of categorical nominal variables?

    <p>They are mutually exclusive but not ordered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ordinal variables have a definite scale and a meaningful difference between data points.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of variable is characterized by a meaningful zero and ranked differences?

    <p>Ratio Variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The temperature in __________ lacks a true zero point.

    <p>Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the variable types with their characteristics:

    <p>Nominal Variables = Mutually exclusive categories without order Ordinal Variables = Ordered categories without specific differences Internal Variables = Ranked data without true zero Ratio Variables = Ranked data with true zero and meaningful differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of ratio level data?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of closed-ended questions?

    <p>They offer uniform responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is possible to categorize ratio level data to a simpler level.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a survey asking for age ranges (e.g., 18-24, 25-30), what type of variable is this?

    <p>Ordinal level data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reliability and validity are both important concepts in research methods.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be coded when using open-ended questions?

    <p>Responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reliability is about __________ while validity is about __________.

    <p>consistency; accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes indicators?

    <p>Indicators signify the absence or presence of a concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of questions with their characteristics:

    <p>Open-ended = Respondents provide their own answers. Closed-ended = Respondents choose from a list of answers. Reliability = Focuses on the consistency of measurement. Validity = Focuses on the accuracy of findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a drawback of closed-ended questions?

    <p>They may not match respondents' experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conceptualizations are the same as dictionary definitions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Measures that are valid can also be unreliable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a possible indicator for communication apprehension?

    <p>Nervousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___ is the peak of a normal distribution.

    <p>mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social desirability bias refer to?

    <p>The tendency of respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Central Limit Theorem help researchers understand?

    <p>The distribution of sample means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of indicators to their categories:

    <p>Cognitive = Worry Physical = Trembling hands Behavioural = Speechlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sampling a few individuals can give a fully correct result.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple indicators can exist under each dimension, which are known as ___ of indicators.

    <p>subgroups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biases is NOT explicitly mentioned as a cognitive bias?

    <p>Sunk cost fallacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Empirical knowledge is based on systematic observation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of scientific methodologies discussed?

    <p>Quantitative and qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is an entity that can take on different values in research.

    <p>variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research methods with their corresponding types:

    <p>Surveys = Quantitative Methodology Ethnography = Qualitative Methodology Experiments = Quantitative Methodology Interviews = Qualitative Methodology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of interpretive inductive theory?

    <p>To create plausible interpretations of social data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypotheses must propose the same relationship between variables.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by operationalization in research?

    <p>Defining how a concept will be measured or quantified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a convenience sample?

    <p>Reliance on available participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A purposive sample is also referred to as a random sample.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a snowball sample used for?

    <p>To collect data from hard-to-access populations by leveraging initial participants to recruit further subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In __________ sampling, participants are chosen based on their known proportion in the population.

    <p>quota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sampling methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Convenience Sample = Relies on available participants Purposive Sample = Driven by specific research questions Snowball Sample = Participants recruit other participants Quota Sampling = Non-random selection based on characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key tip for writing survey measures?

    <p>Write more items than anticipated need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Operationalizations refer to arbitrary measures that do not correspond to the concept being studied.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Measurement involves careful observations for the purpose of describing __________ in terms of the attributes composing a variable.

    <p>objects or events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methods Study Notes

    • Research methods are procedures used to collect and analyze data to answer questions.
    • Different questions require different methods.
    • Quantitative methods use numerical data and statistical analysis.
    • Qualitative methods use non-numerical data (e.g., interviews, observations).
    • Scientific inquiry uses systematic observation as a basis for knowledge.

    Epistemology

    • Epistemology is the study of knowledge.
    • It examines the conditions for knowledge.
    • Empiricism emphasizes systematic observation as the basis of knowledge.
    • Social science epistemology focuses on knowledge that's reliably observable.

    Social Scientific Inquiry

    • Different questions require different methods.
    • Scientific/Quantitative methods use statistical analysis on measurable data.
    • Qualitative methods use interviews, observations, and focus groups to gain a deeper understanding.
    • Methods range from experiments and surveys to interviews, focus groups, and ethnography/participant observation.

    Hypothesis Testing

    • Hypotheses propose relationships between variables.
    • Hypotheses usually take two forms:
      • X is related to Y
      • Group A is different from Group B on variable X

    Quantitative Methodology

    • Quantitative methodology focuses on producing unbiased, replicable, and generalizable results.
    • Primarily aims to measure and analyze numerical data.

    Confidence in Quantitative Findings

    • Key aspects of a study include: -What is being studied? -How is it being studied? -Who is participating? -Is the method clear/replicable?

    Variables

    • A variable takes on different values.
    • Variables form the building blocks of research design.
    • Choices in design depend on the variables being measured.

    Conceptualization

    • Refinement and specification of abstract concepts.
    • Conceptualizations are working agreements, not dictionary definitions.
    • Varying from study to study.
    • Indicators show the presence/absence of a concept.

    Dimensions

    • Subgroups of indicators.
    • Variables can have multiple dimensions.
    • Possible dimensions for communication apprehension include cognitive, physical, and behavioral elements.

    Central Limit Theorem

    • The Central Limit Theorem is a statistical concept.
    • Sample means are normally distributed around the true population mean.

    Variables in Data Analysis

    • Variables describing characteristics that differentiate from person to person can be quantified.

    Types of Variables

    • Categorical Variables: mutually exclusive and unordered
      • Examples: eye color, gender, job
    • Ordinal Variables: data are in a specific order, but there isn't a set, meaningful difference between data points
      • Examples: letter grades (A, B, C, etc.), class rank
    • Interval Variables: Data have meaningful differences between values, and a zero point which is arbitrarily established (e.g., temperature on the Celsius scale).

    Ratio Variables

    • Data are ranked according to degree, with differences between values being meaningful and having a true zero point -Examples: temperature (Kelvin scale), height, weight, age.

    Conceptualization or Variables

    • Some variables have clear definitions and do not necessarily need much analysis.
    • Other variables are abstract and need more analysis to define properly.
    • Definitions should clearly describe the construct.

    Connecting Variables to Questions

    • Research questions propose relationships between variables.
    • Hypotheses are more specific than questions.

    Experimental Design

    • Experiments involve introducing an action/manipulation and observing the results.
    • Benefits of experiments include establishing causality and controlling variables.
    • In a True Experiment, there is a control group and a treatment group with the use of random assignment.

    Threats to Internal Validity

    • Participant-related threats must be controlled for.
    • Random assignment helps reduce participant-related threats.
    • The Researcher/Assistant should not have knowledge of the condition being assigned.
    • Manipulation checks are used to ensure the independent variable was manipulated correctly.

    Control Group Design

    • Control group designs (pretest-posttest, posttest only, Solomon four-group) vary depending on factors that need to be controlled, such as whether or not the control groups are measured before the experiment.

    Quasi-Experimental Design

    • Quasi-experiments often lack full experimental control.
    • Involve some form of comparison group, but participants aren't randomly assigned.

    Pre-Experimental Design

    • Pre-experiments lack random assignment.
    • Examples: one-shot case study, one-group pretest-posttest, and static group comparison.

    Sampling Terms

    • A sample is a subset of a larger population that is studied.
    • The population is the group that researchers want to generalize findings to.
    • Sampling is crucial for any study to generalize to a large pool.

    Sampling Techniques

    • Probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling.
    • Non-probability sampling methods include convenience sampling, purposive sampling, and snowball sampling.
    • Important to ensure the sample accurately reflects characteristics of the population of interest.

    Types of Questions

    • Open-ended questions allow for detailed responses.
    • Closed-ended questions provide a set of response options.

    Developing Measures

    • Developing measures involves identifying indicators, crafting items, and creating composite measures.
    • Guidelines for creating measures include considering respondent willingness/ability to answer questions, social desirability bias, knowledge/experience, memory.

    Reliability and Validity

    • Reliability means consistency of measurement.
    • Validity means the accuracy of the measurement.
    • Both are important for the accuracy of the study.

    Measurement Techniques

    • Measurement techniques involve specific methods for collecting or constructing data from the observed elements that aim to represent the variable accurately.
    • Use these procedures cautiously to measure variables appropriately and meaningfully.

    Ethics

    • Ethical considerations in research are crucial.
    • Protecting participants and using their information appropriately are extremely important.
    • Informed consent is a major part of ethical considerations in studies.
    • Research involving humans requires explicit ethical approval.

    Limitations of Quantitative Research

    • Quantitative research has limitations that need to be considered.
    • External validity of results can vary between real-life situations and experimental environments.
    • Self-report bias, sample size, and other issues may invalidate results.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    QuantNotes PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of communication apprehension and various types of variables in research. This quiz covers definitions, characteristics, and examples of different variable types including ordinal, nominal, and ratio variables. Sharpen your knowledge on the impact of communication anxiety on physical symptoms.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser