Podcast
Questions and Answers
Communicable diseases can be spread from animals to humans.
Communicable diseases can be spread from animals to humans.
True
Non-communicable diseases can be transmitted from one person to another.
Non-communicable diseases can be transmitted from one person to another.
False
The incidence rate measures the number of cases of a disease within a population over a specified period.
The incidence rate measures the number of cases of a disease within a population over a specified period.
True
Cholera is caused by a virus.
Cholera is caused by a virus.
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Diabetes is classified as a communicable disease.
Diabetes is classified as a communicable disease.
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HIV/AIDS is one of the notifiable diseases in Malaysia.
HIV/AIDS is one of the notifiable diseases in Malaysia.
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Chronic respiratory diseases include conditions like asthma and COPD.
Chronic respiratory diseases include conditions like asthma and COPD.
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Food poisoning is not classified as a communicable disease.
Food poisoning is not classified as a communicable disease.
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The prevalence of leprosy in Malaysia is less than 1.5 cases per 10,000 individuals.
The prevalence of leprosy in Malaysia is less than 1.5 cases per 10,000 individuals.
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The majority of malaria cases in Malaysia are caused by Plasmodium falciparum.
The majority of malaria cases in Malaysia are caused by Plasmodium falciparum.
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Filariasis is most commonly encountered among foreign workers in Malaysia.
Filariasis is most commonly encountered among foreign workers in Malaysia.
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In 2020, the number of dengue cases decreased due to improved public awareness.
In 2020, the number of dengue cases decreased due to improved public awareness.
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All immunisation rates for vaccines under the National Immunisation Programme were above 90% in 2005.
All immunisation rates for vaccines under the National Immunisation Programme were above 90% in 2005.
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Dukoral and Shanchol are two types of oral cholera vaccines available as of the end of 2021.
Dukoral and Shanchol are two types of oral cholera vaccines available as of the end of 2021.
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Typhoid fever is caused by Escherichia coli.
Typhoid fever is caused by Escherichia coli.
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Tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water.
Tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water.
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Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are antibiotics used to treat typhoid fever.
Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are antibiotics used to treat typhoid fever.
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A six-month course of antibiotics is typically recommended for treating tuberculosis.
A six-month course of antibiotics is typically recommended for treating tuberculosis.
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The main high-risk group for tuberculosis includes individuals living in overcrowded conditions.
The main high-risk group for tuberculosis includes individuals living in overcrowded conditions.
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Hygienic food preparation has no effect on the transmission of typhoid fever.
Hygienic food preparation has no effect on the transmission of typhoid fever.
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Direct Observation Treatment (DOT) is used to improve adherence in tuberculosis treatment.
Direct Observation Treatment (DOT) is used to improve adherence in tuberculosis treatment.
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The first case of HIV was detected in 1986.
The first case of HIV was detected in 1986.
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AIDS-related deaths in 2019 included more than 1,000 children under the age of 15.
AIDS-related deaths in 2019 included more than 1,000 children under the age of 15.
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Transmission of HIV through vertical means accounts for only 0.7% of cases.
Transmission of HIV through vertical means accounts for only 0.7% of cases.
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In 2000, the percentage of female HIV cases was higher than that in 2006.
In 2000, the percentage of female HIV cases was higher than that in 2006.
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Leprosy is caused by a fast-multiplying bacterium.
Leprosy is caused by a fast-multiplying bacterium.
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The treatment duration for paucibacillary leprosy is shorter than that for multibacillary leprosy.
The treatment duration for paucibacillary leprosy is shorter than that for multibacillary leprosy.
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Leprosy primarily affects the heart and lungs.
Leprosy primarily affects the heart and lungs.
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The Needle Syringe Exchange Programme was introduced in 2005 as part of harm reduction efforts for HIV transmission.
The Needle Syringe Exchange Programme was introduced in 2005 as part of harm reduction efforts for HIV transmission.
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Study Notes
Disease Patterns & Health Problems in Malaysia
- Malaysia's health challenges are discussed, focusing on disease patterns.
- The presentation covers communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD)
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Communicable diseases: Illness caused by pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) or their toxins.
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Spread directly or indirectly between people, or from animals (zoonotic diseases).
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Transmission can occur via airborne particles, blood, or bodily fluids.
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Examples include Malaria, Hepatitis, and HIV/AIDS.
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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs): Often called chronic diseases.
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Not transmitted from person to person.
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Typically long-lasting and progress slowly.
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Examples include cardiovascular diseases (heart attacks, stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma), and diabetes.
Top 5 Principal Causes of Death in Malaysia (2021)
- Specific data on the top causes of death are presented in the supplementary slide.
Statistics on Causes of Death, Malaysia (2020 & 2021)
- Detailed statistics on the top ten leading causes of death in Malaysia, broken down by age group and ethnicity.
- Ischaemic heart diseases are prominent, along with pneumonia and transport accidents.
- COVID-19 ranked highly in some categories.
- Data is presented for specific ethnic groups (Bumiputera, Chinese, Indians, and others).
- Data is further broken down by age groups (years 0-14, 15-40, 41-59, and 60+).
Notifiable Diseases
- Diseases required by law to be reported to governmental authorities.
- Regulated by the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 (Act 342), with 25 specified diseases.
- Reporting allows for disease monitoring and early detection of outbreaks.
- Examples of specific diseases are listed.
Communicable Diseases (Food and Water Borne Diseases)
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Cholera: An acute diarrheal infection caused by ingesting food or water contaminated by Vibrio cholerae.
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Cholera can be fatal if untreated.
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Transmission linked to water quality, food preparation, and carriers.
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Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline, tetracycline).
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Oral cholera vaccines (Dukoral and Shanchol) are available.
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Typhoid: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi (S.typhi).
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Characterized by bloodstream and intestinal infection.
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Transmission through ingestion of contaminated food or water.
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Treatment includes hydration and antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone).
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Tuberculosis (TB): Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Primarily affects the lungs, transmitted through respiratory droplets.
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Early diagnosis and treatment, using multidrug therapy (MDT), are crucial.
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Factors like HIV infection, decreased awareness, and migrant worker patterns influence incidence.
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Treatment spans months, with specific antibiotics (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide).
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HIV & AIDS: A major public health concern with decreasing infection rates.
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Transmission pathways include sharing needles, sexual contact, and vertical transmission (mother-to-child).
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Harm reduction strategies, such as needle exchange programs, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs, are crucial interventions.
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Leprosy: A chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
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Transmission through respiratory droplets.
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Characterized by skin lesions, and nerve damage.
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Treatment with antibiotics (rifampicin, dapsone, clofazimine) is effective.
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Different classifications (PB and MB) based on the severity of lesions influence treatment duration.
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Malaria: Caused by Plasmodium parasites and exhibits a declining incidence but is still a concern.
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Transmission through the bite of infected mosquitos.
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Treatment includes anti-malarial drugs like chloroquine and mefloquine.
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Dengue Fever: Increasing incidence, linked to public apathy regarding Aedes mosquito breeding.
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Spread via mosquito bites.
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Filariasis: Caused by Wuchereria bancrofti.
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Primarily affects foreign workers.
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Child Immunization coverage: Data on vaccination rates for infants and children is presented. Vaccination compliance rates are high, but there are various vaccination schedules and types described in detail elsewhere in the presentation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the differences between communicable and non-communicable diseases. This quiz covers definitions, incidence rates, and specific diseases like cholera, diabetes, and malaria. Explore the health statistics and disease classifications relevant to Malaysia.
