Common Polyatomic Ions

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following polyatomic ions has a -2 charge and contains sulfur?

  • Hydrogen sulfite (HSO₃⁻)
  • Hydrogen sulfate (HSO₄⁻)
  • Sulfate (SO₄²⁻) (correct)
  • Sulfite (SO₃²⁻)

What is the chemical formula for the polyatomic ion, bicarbonate?

  • H₂CO₃
  • CO₃²⁻
  • HCO₃⁻ (correct)
  • CO₂

Which acid is related to the perchlorate ion (ClO₄⁻)?

  • Chlorous acid
  • Perchloric acid (correct)
  • Hypochlorous acid
  • Chloric acid

What is the formula for the hydronium ion?

<p>H₃O⁺ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polyatomic ion is derived from sulfurous acid (H₂SO₃)?

<p>Sulfite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for the azide ion?

<p>N₃⁻ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acids is associated with the cyanide ion (CN⁻)?

<p>Hydrocyanic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the chromate ion?

<p>CrO₄²⁻ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polyatomic ion has the formula HSO₄⁻?

<p>Hydrogen sulfate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the related acid of the acetate ion (CH₃COO⁻)?

<p>Acetic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the dihydrogen phosphate ion?

<p>H₂PO₄⁻ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following polyatomic ions contains chlorine and has a -1 charge?

<p>Hypochlorite (ClO⁻) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for the ammonium ion?

<p>NH₄⁺ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the related acid of the nitrate ion (NO₃⁻)?

<p>Nitric acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polyatomic ion is associated with permanganic acid (HMnO₄)?

<p>Permanganate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the related acid to the chlorite ion (ClO₂⁻)?

<p>Chlorous acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the hydrogen sulfite ion?

<p>HSO₃⁻ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which acid is related to the carbonate ion (CO₃²⁻)?

<p>Carbonic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the correct order of chlorine-containing polyatomic ions from fewest to most oxygen atoms?

<p>ClO⁻ &lt; ClO₂⁻ &lt; ClO₃⁻ &lt; ClO₄⁻ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an ion has the suffix '-ite', what does this indicate about its oxygen content compared to the '-ate' form of the same element?

<p>It contains one less oxygen atom than the '-ate' form. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

<p>Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the rules for naming polyatomic ions, what would be the formula for the 'hypobromite' ion?

<p>BrO⁻ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental force responsible for ionic bonding?

<p>Electrostatic force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of covalent bonds?

<p>They involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you classify a compound formed between two nonmetal atoms with similar electronegativities?

<p>Covalent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why sodium chloride (NaCl) forms an ionic bond?

<p>Sodium readily loses an electron, and chlorine readily gains an electron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 'nitrate' is NO₃⁻, what would be the formula for an ion with one less oxygen atom following the '-ate' and '-ite' naming convention?

<p>NO₂⁻ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of oxygen atoms in sulfate (SO₄²⁻) compare to sulfite?

<p>Sulfate has one more oxygen atom than sulfite. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the formation of an ionic bond?

<p>One atom donates electrons to another, resulting in electrostatic attraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A compound is formed between a highly electronegative element and a highly electropositive element. What type of bond is most likely to form?

<p>Ionic bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes perchloric acid (HClO₄) from chloric acid (HClO₃)?

<p>Perchloric acid has one more oxygen atom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these compounds is most likely to exhibit covalent bonding?

<p>CH₄ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the formula for bromate is BrO₃⁻, what would be the formula for perbromate?

<p>BrO₄⁻ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately compares the behavior of electrons in ionic and covalent bonds?

<p>Electrons are shared in covalent bonds and transferred in ionic bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elements X and Y have electronegativities of 0.8 and 3.0, respectively. What type of bond is most likely to form between X and Y?

<p>Ionic bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of electrons contribute to the stability of covalently bonded molecules?

<p>Shared electrons shield the nuclei and lower the overall energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is formed through ionic bonding?

<p>LiF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound contains covalent bonds?

<p>H₂S (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the chlorine-containing ions by the number of oxygen atoms, from fewest to most?

<p>ClO⁻, ClO₂⁻, ClO₃⁻, ClO₄⁻ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the formula for the bromate ion is BrO₃⁻, what is the formula for the hypobromite ion?

<p>BrO⁻ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of oxygen atoms in the perchlorate ion (ClO₄⁻) compare to the chlorite ion (ClO₂⁻)?

<p>Perchlorate has two more oxygen atoms than chlorite. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of force primarily holds ions together in an ionic compound?

<p>Electrostatic force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the formation of a covalent bond?

<p>Sharing of electrons between atoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition can an ionic compound conduct electricity?

<p>When molten (liquid state). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens when a metal reacts with a nonmetal?

<p>Electrons are transferred, forming an ionic compound. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between ionic compounds and their melting points?

<p>Ionic compounds typically have high melting points. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the mobility of ions differ between solid and molten ionic compounds?

<p>Ions are more mobile in molten ionic compounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) considered an exception to the rule that compounds formed between metals and nonmetals are ionic?

<p>It exhibits significant covalent character. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a cation from an anion?

<p>A cation has a positive charge, while an anion has a negative charge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in how electrons are treated in ionic versus covalent bonding?

<p>In ionic bonding, electrons are transferred; in covalent bonding, electrons are shared. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of atoms in an ionic compound contribute to its high melting point?

<p>Ions are arranged in a strong, crystalline lattice structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is characteristic of covalently bonded compounds?

<p>Sharing of electrons between atoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would you expect to observe if you attempt to conduct electricity through solid sodium chloride (NaCl)?

<p>No conductivity because the ions are held in fixed positions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If element X readily loses electrons and element Y readily gains electrons, what type of compound are they most likely to form?

<p>An ionic compound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the behavior of electrons in covalent bonds contribute to the properties of molecular compounds?

<p>Shared electrons result in weaker intermolecular forces, leading to lower melting and boiling points. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is most likely to exhibit ionic bonding?

<p>MgO (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What general trend can be used to predict whether a compound will be ionic based on the elements involved?

<p>If the compound is formed between a metal and a nonmetal, it's typically ionic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic that distinguishes ionic compounds from molecular (covalent) compounds?

<p>Ionic compounds are held together by electrostatic forces, while molecular compounds are held together by sharing electrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ammonium

A positive polyatomic ion with the formula NH4+

Hydronium

A positive polyatomic ion with the formula H3O+

Peroxide

An anion with the formula O2^2-.

Hydroxide

An anion with the formula OH-.

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Acetate

An anion with the formula CH3COO-.

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Cyanide

An anion with the formula CN-.

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Azide

An anion with the formula N3-.

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Carbonate

An anion with the formula CO3^2-.

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Bicarbonate

An anion with the formula HCO3-.

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Nitrate

An anion with formula NO3-.

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Nitrite

An anion with the formula NO2-.

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Sulfate

An anion with the formula SO4^2-.

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Hydrogen Sulfate

An anion with the formula HSO4-.

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Sulfite

An anion with the formula SO3^2-.

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Phosphate

An anion with the formula PO4^3-.

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Perchlorate

An anion with the formula ClO4-

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Chlorate

An anion with the formula ClO3-.

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Chlorite

An anion with the formula ClO2-.

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Hypochlorite

An anion with the formula ClO-

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Permanganate

An anion with the formula MnO4-.

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Fosfato de hidrógeno

Un anión con la fórmula HPO4^2-.

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Fosfato dihidrógeno

Un anión con la fórmula H2PO4-.

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Cromato

Un anión con la fórmula CrO4^2-.

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Dicromato

Un anión con la fórmula Cr2O7^2-.

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-ate

Suffix used in naming polyatomic ions to indicate a specific number of oxygen atoms.

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-ite

Suffix used in naming polyatomic ions to indicate fewer oxygen atoms than the '-ate' form.

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Per-

Prefix meaning 'more' oxygen atoms than the '-ate' form of a polyatomic ion.

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Hypo-

Prefix meaning 'fewer' oxygen atoms than the '-ite' form of a polyatomic ion.

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Ionic bonds

Attractive forces between oppositely charged ions, resulting from electron transfer.

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Electrostatic forces of attraction

Electrostatic forces of attraction between cations and anions.

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Covalent bonds

Attractive forces between positively charged nuclei and shared electrons in molecules.

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Ionic Compound

A compound containing ions held together by ionic bonds.

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Molecular (Covalent) Compound

The classification of compounds based on electron sharing between atoms.

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Electrical Conductivity (Molten Ionic Compounds)

The ability of a molten ionic compound to conduct electricity due to mobile ions.

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Electrostatic attraction

Attractive forces experienced between objects of opposite electrical charge.

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Property of Ionic Compounds

Solids that typically melt at high temperatures and boil at even higher temperatures.

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Study Notes

Polyatomic Ions and Naming Conventions

  • -ate and -ite suffixes indicate polyatomic ions with varying oxygen atoms.
  • Per- (hyper-) prefix signifies more oxygen atoms than -ate.
  • Hypo- prefix denotes fewer oxygen atoms than -ite.
  • Perchlorate is ClO4−, chlorate is ClO3−, chlorite is ClO2−, and hypochlorite is ClO−.
  • The number of oxygen atoms for a given suffix/prefix is inconsistent (e.g., nitrate (NO3−) vs. sulfate (SO42−)).

Chemical Bonding

  • Chemical bonding is classified based on attractive forces holding atoms or ions together.
  • Ionic bonds result from electron transfer and ion formation, creating electrostatic attractions between cations and anions.
  • Covalent bonds arise from "shared" electrons and molecule formation, involving attractions between positively charged nuclei and shared electron pairs.
  • Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) based on the type of bonds present.

Ionic Compound Formation

  • Metals (easily lose electrons) react with nonmetals (easily gain electrons), usually leading to electron transfer and ion formation.
  • Resulting compound is stabilized by electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between oppositely charged ions.
  • Sodium metal (Na) gives up one electron to form Na+, and chlorine gas (Cl) accepts one electron to form Cl−, resulting in NaCl (sodium ions and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio).
  • Calcium (Ca) can give up two electrons, transferring one to each of two chlorine atoms to form CaCl2 (Ca2+ and Cl− ions in a 1:2 ratio).

Ionic Compounds

  • Ionic compounds contain ions held together by ionic bonds.
  • The periodic table can help identify ionic compounds: metal combined with nonmetals usually forms an ionic compound.
  • Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is an exception, as it is not ionic.
  • Ionic compounds are typically solids with high melting and boiling points (e.g., NaCl melts at 801 °C and boils at 1413 °C, compared to water melting at 0 °C and boiling at 100 °C).
  • Solid ionic compounds are not electrically conductive because ions cannot flow.
  • Molten ionic compounds can conduct electricity because ions can move freely in the liquid state.

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