Common Neurological Disorders for Medical SLPs

Stroke = Sudden loss of blood flow to the brain resulting in brain cell damage Traumatic Brain Injury = Head injury causing disruption in normal brain function Multiple sclerosis = Autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system Guillian Barrie syndrome = Condition characterized by acute muscle weakness

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) = Progressive muscle weakness and paralysis Myasthenia gravis = Progressive muscle weakness and fatigue that improves with rest Parkinson’s = Movement disorder characterized by tremors and rigidity Dystonia = Involuntary muscle contractions causing repetitive movements or abnormal postures

Medications = Common cause of delirium Illicit substances (e.g., cocaine) = Another common cause of delirium Renal insufficiency = Risk factor for delirium Drug-drug interaction = Risk factor for delirium

<p>Advanced aging = Risk factor for delirium Dementia = Risk factor for delirium Long hospitalization = Risk factor for delirium Illicit substances (e.g., cocaine) = Not a risk factor for delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delirium = Mental confusion and emotional disruption Dementia = Chronic decline in cognitive function Tremors = Involuntary shaking movements Paralysis = Loss of muscle function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transient and reversible = Delirium Improves with rest = Myasthenia gravis Characterized by tremors and rigidity = Parkinson’s Autoimmune disease affecting central nervous system = Multiple sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delirium = Impaired level of consciousness Dementia = Alzheimer's disease Multiple sclerosis = Autoimmune demyelinating disease Alzheimer's disease = Injury and trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired level of consciousness = Delirium Memory decline = Dementia Autoimmune demyelinating disease = Multiple sclerosis Cognitive dysfunction = Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delirium = Long hospitalization Dementia = Pressure ulcer Multiple sclerosis = Cerebrovascular diseases Alzheimer's disease = Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired level of consciousness = Aspiration pneumonia Progressive decline in memory functions = Injury and trauma Autoimmune demyelinating disease = Rehabilitation services Memory decline associated with cognitive function decline = Dysphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delirium = Antipsychotic medications Dementia = Complications like seizure and pressure ulcer Multiple sclerosis = Physical restraints Alzheimer's disease = Symptomatic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired level of consciousness = Identify and correct the cause Progressive memory decline = Supportive care and supportive environment Autoimmune demyelinating disease = Medication use for symptom reduction Memory decline and cognitive function decline = Complications like malnutrition and dysphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long term physical weakness = Complication of GBS Respiratory failure = Complication of GBS Respiration pneumonia = Complication of GBS Sudden unexplained cardiac death = Complication of GBS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sialorrhea (or excessive drooling) = Common symptom of ALS Respiratory difficulty = Common symptom of ALS Parkinson’s like symptoms = Common symptom of ALS Cognitive impairment = Common symptom of ALS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical therapy = Intervention for GBS Speech-language pathology (SLP) = Referred for dysarthria and dysphagia in ALS cases Ventilation = May be required for GBS complications Muscle spasm management = May be needed in ALS cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90% of cases occur spontaneously = ALS cause statement Degenerative disease of upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron = Description of ALS Most patients recover completely = GBS recovery statement Causes not known, some linked to gene mutation = ALS cause statement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSVT-loud = Improves voice and speech intelligibility LSVT-Big = Improves muscle strength and movement Deep brain stimulation (DBS) = Triggers dopamine production and reduces abnormal movements Brain stimulation = Used for improving voice clarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narcotic and hypnotic sedatives drugs = Indirectly affect communication through cognition like attention and memory Anticholinergic drugs = Cause decrease of saliva, dry mouth, and difficulties in speech articulation Antiepileptic drugs = Cause cerebellar type ataxic dysarthria and dysfluency Drugs modulating neurotransmitter function = Involve modulation of neurotransmitter function like Acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comprehensive assessment of symptoms profile = Includes onset of symptoms, time of using the drug, relieving factors, etc. Review medication history = Consult a pharmacist or check medication database Rule out non-drug related potential causes = Examine other possible reasons for communication difficulties Consult a neurologist = For immediate medical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Riluzole = ALS Anticholinergic medications = ALS PEG tube and AAC for communication = ALS Pharmacological treatments and neuroprotective drugs = Parkinson’s disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive muscle weakness = ALS Tremor, Bradykinesia, Akinesia, Rigidity, Masked face = Parkinson’s disease Symptom management for breathing, drooling, muscle spams, fatigue = ALS Depends on the type but includes tremor, slow movement, loss of voluntary movement = Parkinson’s disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aging, genetic and environmental factors = Parkinson’s disease Slowing the progression of the disease = ALS Second most common degenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease = Parkinson’s disease Combination of aging, genetic and environmental factors = Parkinson’s disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Educate and prepare patients, do continuing assessment = ALS Manage early and advanced symptoms, slow down cell damage and death = Parkinson’s disease Control drooling, use non-oral means of feeding for nutrition and AAC for communication = ALS Pharmacological treatments for early and advanced symptoms = Parkinson’s disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tremor = Parkinson's disease Bradykinesia (slow movement) = Parkinson's disease Akinesia (loss of voluntary movement) = Parkinson's disease Rigidity = Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Riluzole medication for slowing progression = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Anticholinergic medications for drooling control = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Non-oral feeding (PEG tube) for nutrition maintenance = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Pharmacological treatments for early and advanced symptoms = Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breathing, drooling, muscle spasms, fatigue = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity = Parkinson's disease Masked face = Parkinson's disease Fatigue, muscle spasms, drooling = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Riluzole = Slowing progression of ALS Anticholinergic medications = Drooling control in ALS Neuroprotective drugs = Slowing down cell damage in PD Pharmacological treatments = Managing symptoms in PD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aging = Parkinson's disease Genetic factors = Parkinson's disease Unknown environmental factors = Unknown genetic factors =</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive muscle weakness = Drooling control with anticholinergic medications = Tremor, bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity = Parkinson's disease Loss of voluntary movement and masked face =</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delirium = Aspiration pneumonia Dementia = Injury and trauma Multiple sclerosis = Seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delirium = Identify and correct the cause Dementia = Rehabilitation including PT, SLP, and OT services Multiple sclerosis = Symptomatic therapy including cognitive enhancers medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired level of consciousness = Delirium Progressive decline in memory functions associated with decline in other cognitive functions (e.g., language, calculation) = Dementia Autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system = Multiple sclerosis Fluctuation in behaviors (hallucination, agitation, confusion) = Delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dysfunction = Delirium Malnutrition = Dementia Cerebrovascular diseases = Dementia Injury and trauma = Dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antipsychotic medications = Reduce hallucination Cognitive enhancers medications = Symptomatic therapy for cognitive decline No FDA approved medication for delirium = Used in some cases for delirium Physical restraints not effective and to be avoided = Exacerbate delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspiration pneumonia = Delirium Pressure ulcer = Multiple sclerosis Seizure = Multiple sclerosis Dysphagia = Dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stroke = Sudden interruption in blood supply to the brain Multiple sclerosis = Autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system Guillain Barrie syndrome = Acute muscle weakness syndrome Parkinson's = Movement disorder characterized by tremors and rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delirium = Drug-drug interaction, advanced aging, dementia Traumatic Brain Injury = Head trauma, falls, accidents ALS = Progressive muscle weakness, genetic predisposition Myasthenia gravis = Autoimmune disorder, muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dementia = Progressive decline in memory and cognitive function ALS = Muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing and speaking Dystonia = Involuntary muscle contractions causing repetitive movements Myasthenia gravis = Muscle weakness that worsens with activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MS (Multiple Sclerosis) = Immunosuppressive therapy, symptom management Guillain Barrie syndrome = Plasmapheresis, immunoglobulin therapy Parkinson's = Medication for dopamine regulation, physical therapy ALS = Supportive care, assistive devices for communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stroke = Speech and language difficulties, paralysis TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) = Cognitive impairments, motor deficits Dystonia = Painful muscle contractions, dystonic postures Guillain Barrie syndrome = Respiratory failure, paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dementia = Neurodegenerative changes in the brain ALS = Motor neuron degeneration in the brain and spinal cord Parkinson's = Loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain Myasthenia gravis = Autoantibodies affecting neuromuscular junction transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced capacity = Decreased ability of homeostasis and regulation of body systems Decline of visual and hearing acuity = Decreased ability to see and hear clearly Communication changes = Changes due to decrease in hearing and visual acuity, and cognitive decline Atypical and altered disease = Older adults may not report symptoms and some conditions are mistaken as normal aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30% of hospital admissions in the US are attributable to adverse drug events = Percentage of hospital admissions linked to drug reactions in older adults About 40% of adverse drug events are considered serious and life-threatening = Percentage of severe drug reactions among older adults 1/3 of drugs are taken by people older than 65 years = Proportion of medications used by individuals above 65 years old Normal age-related changes make older adults more vulnerable to adverse drug reactions = Impact of aging on susceptibility to drug side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory loss = Considered a normal part of aging in some cases Vision and hearing loss = Falsely attributed to aging Falls = Mistaken as part of the aging process Depression in older adults (confusion) = Symptom often misunderstood as a normal age-related change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced capacity = Affects ability to self-regulate and respond to diseases Decline of visual and hearing acuity = Impacts how symptoms are reported by older adults Atypical and altered disease = Leads to different disease presentations in older individuals Communication changes = Affects interaction with healthcare providers for accurate diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced capacity = Increases susceptibility to medication side effects Decline of visual and hearing acuity = May lead to medication errors or improper use Atypical and altered disease = Mistaken conditions can result in incorrect drug prescriptions Communication changes = Can affect understanding of medication instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aging and Adverse Drug Reactions = May affect cognitive abilities related to communication Atypical and Altered Disease Presentations = Can lead to vague or non-specific symptoms affecting communication Normal Age-Related Changes = Directly impact hearing, visual acuity, and cognitive functions for communication Memory Loss, Vision, and Hearing Issues = Can be misinterpreted as typical signs of aging affecting communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSVT-Loud = Improves voice and speech intelligibility LSVT-Big = Improves muscle strength and movement Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) = Triggers dopamine production and reduces abnormal movements Brain stimulation = Enhances cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narcotic and hypnotic sedatives drugs = Indirectly affects communication through cognition (attention, orientation, memory) Anticholinergic drugs (used for Parkinson’s disease) = Causes decrease of saliva, dry mouth, difficulties in speech and articulation, affects cognition Antiepileptic drugs = Causes cerebellar type ataxic dysarthria, dysfluency Dopamine modulating drugs = Improves communication by enhancing neurotransmitter function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluctuation in behaviors such as hallucination, agitation, confusion = Parkinson’s Disease Progressive decline in memory functions associated with decline in other cognitive functions (e.g., language, calculation) = Alzheimer's Disease Communication difficulties caused by drug adverse effect = Side effect of medications for neurological disorders Muscle weakness and difficulty in movement control = Multiple Sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supportive care and supportive environment = Neurological disorders like ALS Comprehensive assessment of symptoms profile and medication history review = Communication difficulties due to drug adverse effects Avoiding physical restraints = Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) Brain stimulation therapy = Parkinson’s Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) = Progressive muscle weakness and paralysis Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) = Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Parkinson’s Disease = Characterized by tremors, bradykinesia, and rigidity Alzheimer's Disease = Memory loss and decline in cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysarthria, dysfluency = Cerebellar type ataxia Cognitive decline affecting language and calculation skills = Alzheimer's Disease Tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity = Parkinson’s Disease Hallucination, agitation, confusion = Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers