Common Cardiovascular Diseases in Farm Animals

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Questions and Answers

What is a common clinical sign of cardiopulmonary involvement in White Muscle Disease?

Tachycardia and murmurs (correct)

Dyspnoea

Weakness and stiffness

Recumbency

Which nutritional deficiencies are primarily associated with White Muscle Disease?

Zinc and Iron

Vitamin A and Selenium

Vitamin D and Calcium

Selenium and Vitamin E (correct)

What diagnostic method is NOT used to assess White Muscle Disease?

Haematology

Post Mortem analysis

Radiographic imaging (correct)

Clinical signs observation

What is a crucial part of the treatment protocol for White Muscle Disease?

Selenium and Vitamin E injections Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for the development of White Muscle Disease in livestock?

Rapid growth in young animals Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign is commonly associated with traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Brisket oedema Signup and view all the answers

What is a main cause of diastolic heart failure?

Pulmonary hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic tool measures fibrinogen and inflammation but is nonspecific?

Glutavac Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly identifies a sign of right heart failure?

Ascites Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential complications of untreated traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Right heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What type of arrhythmia is likely secondary to pain or infection?

Tachyarrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions could be a differential diagnosis for traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Endocarditis Signup and view all the answers

Which location is NOT associated with auscultation of the tricuspid valve?

2nd ICS Signup and view all the answers

What is the efficacy range reported for magnets used in the treatment of foreign body ingestion?

50-90% Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte disturbance can lead to bradyarrhythmia?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic technique can help visualize pericardial effusion?

Rectal linear scanner Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is classified as a secondary cause of heart failure?

Cor Pulmonale Signup and view all the answers

What condition can lead to muffled heart sounds during a physical examination?

Pericarditis Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most likely related to increased pressure in the heart muscle?

Prolonged jugular filling Signup and view all the answers

Which condition commonly causes murmur localization at the 5th ICS?

Mitral regurgitation Signup and view all the answers

What common gastrointestinal sign may be observed in cases of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Rumen hypomobility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following clinical signs is most indicative of heart failure in production animals?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of history is least relevant for evaluating cardiac diseases in production animals?

Animal's color Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely to lead to right-sided heart failure in production animals?

Volume overload from regurgitation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common non-specific sign related to cardiac issues in production species?

Inappetence Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic approach is essential when conducting a thorough case workup for cardiac diseases in production animals?

Physical exam findings Signup and view all the answers

What should be prioritized when planning interventions for cardiac diseases in production species?

Animal welfare and prognosis Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is important to consider when creating a differential diagnosis list for cardiac diseases?

Age of the animal Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic sign observed during a physical examination of a heart failure case?

Increased respiratory rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely prognosis for vegetative endocarditis in affected animals?

Average lifespan after diagnosis of 6 months Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism is frequently associated with vegetative endocarditis in cattle?

Trueperella and Streptococcus Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical sign of vegetative endocarditis?

Systolic murmur Signup and view all the answers

Pulmonary thromboembolism can result from wandering abscesses due to which condition?

Chronic hepatic disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signs is associated with cor pulmonale?

Right sided heart failure Signup and view all the answers

The bacterial infection causing vegetative endocarditis is primarily secondary to which condition?

Bacteraemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical treatment approach for vegetative endocarditis?

Long term broad spectrum antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

Which type of abscess can lead to pulmonary thromboembolism by spreading into the pulmonary artery?

Liver abscess Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Common Cardiovascular Diseases of Production Animals

This presentation covers common cardiovascular diseases in farm animals.

Learning Objectives

Students will be able to create a differential diagnosis list for cardiac diseases in common farm animals, based on history & clinical signs.
Students will identify appropriate medical and surgical interventions for treating cardiac diseases.
Students will determine the prognosis for cardiac disease in individual animals and in a herd.
Students will be able to identify suitable prevention and control measures for cardiac diseases in farm animals.

Thorough Case Work Up

History: Includes animal age, management practices, duration of disease, recent treatments, current management (feeding, housing), stage of lifecycle (lactation, pregnancy), and any changes in management.
Signalment: Not detailed in the notes but implicitly part of a complete case history.
Clinical Signs: Includes both acute (e.g., sudden death) and chronic (e.g., reduced production, lethargy) signs. Specific signs listed include edema, pale mucous membranes, increased heart rate, muffled heart sounds, and non-specific signs like reduced milk yield.
Physical Exam Findings: Covers overall demeanour, temperature, body condition score (BCS), assessment of other body systems (cardiovascular and respiratory), auscultation, jugular fill, and respiratory rate & effort.
Diagnostics: This section suggests further investigations to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.

History

Age
Management details
Duration of disease
Progression of disease
Recent treatments
Current management practices
Feeding regime
Housing conditions
Lifecycle stage (e.g., lactation, pregnancy)
Changes in current management

Clinical Signs

Acute vs. Chronic: Acute presentations have sudden onset, dramatic presentations like oedema and sudden death. Chronic presentations are more subtle with reduced production and lethargy.
Acute signs: Edema (submandibular/brisket), pale mucous membranes (MM), increased heart rate(HR), muffled heart sounds. Sudden death can be a sign of acute disease
Chronic signs: Reduced production (milk, growth), lethargy, inappetence.

Physical Examination

Demeanour: Animal's overall behavior and attitude
Temperature: Animal body temperature
BCS: Body condition score (scoring of physical condition)
Cardiovascular System: Heart rate, rhythm, presence of any murmurs, jugular vein fill, and pulsation.
Respiratory System: Respiratory rate, effort during breathing, and sounds upon auscultation.

Right Sided Heart Failure

Characterized by venous return issues leading to elevated venous pressure.
Symptoms involve edema, ascites, and pleural effusion.

Left Sided Heart Failure

Characterized by increased atrial pressure from issues with ventricle function and resultant inability to pump blood around the body.
Symptoms include pulmonary edema, tachycardia, and weak pulses.

Main Causes of Cardiovascular Diseases

Infectious: Traumatic reticuloperitonitis, endocarditis, erysipelas, and clostridial myositis.
Congenital: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
Other: Degenerative disease (white muscle disease) and secondary issues like those arising from cor pulmonale.

Cardiac Auscultation

Arrhythmias, often secondary to other issues like pain, infection. Heart failure/compensation for reduced contractility. Electrolyte disturbances (hypomagnesaemia/hypocalcaemia) are also implicated.
Bradyarrhythmias: Electrolyte disturbances (hyperkalaemia), white muscle disease, intoxications (e.g., rhododendron).

Murmur Localization:

Specific areas of the chest are associated with each heart sound, providing clues to the origin of the abnormal heart sounds.

Murmur Differentiating Symptoms

Indicate whether the abnormal heart sounds are systolic, diastolic, or continuous to help determine the potential causes.
Murmurs are linked to issues like mitral/tricuspid regurgitation, and ventricular septal defects.

Additional Diagnostics

Withers Pinch: Identifying potential abdominal pain.
Glutavac: Measure of fibrinogen/inflammation, and can assist with prognosis.
Ultrasound: Can detect pericardial effusion useful in assessment.

Differential Diagnoses

Categorizing potential causes (infectious, congenital, and other) for cardiac diseases.

Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis

Causative factors include ingestion of foreign bodies penetrating the pericardium, septic peritonitis, fluid accumulation leading to cardiac tamponade and right heart failure.
Signs include muffled heart sounds, splashing/tinkling heart sounds, and right-sided heart failure.

Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis Treatment, Prevention, and Prognosis

Treatment strategies include antibiotics, NSAIDs, potentially use of magnets, surgery or culling.
Prognosis varies widely, and the success of treatment often depends heavily on detection timing.

Vegetative Endocarditis

Bacterial infection of heart valves which may originate from bacteraemia.
Affects animals like cattle due to infections such as mastitis, and pigs from issues including erysipelas.

Vegetative Endocarditis (Clinical Signs, Treatment, Prognosis)

Signs consist of pyrexia, recurrent, waxing/waning, non-specific weight loss/reduced production, and systolic murmurs.
Treatment requires long-term broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Prognosis is generally poor, with a short average lifespan after diagnosis.

Pulmonary Thromboembolism

Spread of clots to the lungs.
Causes include hepatic abscesses, rumen acidosis, or haematological issues originating from elsewhere in the body.
Resultant effects often lead to pulmonary artery abscesses or other major respiratory symptoms.

Cor Pulmonale

Right-sided heart hypertrophy, and heart failure related to issues with the lungs.
Dairy cattle and holstein's are often involved.
Secondary to chronic issues like chronic lungworm, or chronic respiratory diseases.

White Muscle Disease

Results from Selenium and Vitamin E deficiencies.
Often occurs in young animals with rapid growth, those on poor quality diets or feed sources with insufficient micronutrients, and in herds/flocks sharing similar underlying issues.
Signs include skeletal weakness(stiffness) and recumbency, cardiac murmurs/irregular tachycardia, and symptoms associated with diaphragm function.

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Description

This quiz explores common cardiovascular diseases affecting production animals. Students will learn to create differential diagnoses, identify treatment options, and determine prognosis based on clinical signs and management practices. Additionally, prevention and control measures for these diseases will be discussed.