91 Questions
Which of the following factors can contribute to rumenitis and acidosis in cattle?
Mixing
What is the stage of production that is relevant to the assessment of the cardiovascular system in cattle?
Stage of production
At what altitude is the example given in the text located?
1600 meters
Which of the following is a subjective view used in the assessment of the cardiovascular system in cattle?
Undisturbed
What is the purpose of the 'provocation test' in the assessment of the cardiovascular system in cattle?
To observe the response to handling
Which physical sign is NOT considered in the assessment of the cardiovascular system in cattle?
Inter-mandibullar brisket
Which of the following is NOT a non-cardiac system sign of cardiac disease in cattle?
Increased urine output
What is a common symptom of cardiac disease in cattle?
Decreased urine output
Which of the following signs may be observed in cattle with cardiac disease?
Decreased urine output
Which of the following skin tones indicates a PCV of 50% in cattle?
6-8% Tenting 2-4 secs
What is the skin tone associated with a PCV of 60+% in cattle?
10-12% Tenting 20+ secs
What are the clinical signs of cattle with a PCV of 55%?
Cold extremities, ± recumbant
Which of the following conditions can cause pale mucous membranes in cattle?
Haemonchosis
What can cause right displaced abomasum in cattle?
Poor Perfusion
Which of the following toxicities can lead to pale mucous membranes in cattle?
Nitrate/Nitrite
Which of the following diseases is characterized by red mucous membranes in cattle?
Salmomellosis
Which disease is NOT associated with red mucous membranes in cattle?
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Which disease can cause red mucous membranes in cattle and is also known as 'pink eye'?
Infectious Bovine Kerato-conjuctivitis
Which of the following conditions can cause yellow discoloration of the skin in calves?
Hepatitis
What can cause photosensitization in cattle?
Ragwort
Which of the following diseases can lead to hemolytic anemia in cattle?
Babesia (Red Water)
Which of the following conditions is associated with hemorrhagic mucous membranes in cattle?
Anthrax
Which of the following toxicities can lead to pale mucous membranes in cattle?
Copper toxicity (acute)
Which of the following diseases can cause yellow discoloration of the skin in calves?
Leptospirosis
Which of the following conditions can cause distension in the jugular and subcutaneous abdominal (milk) veins in cattle?
Hydrothorax
In cattle with right-sided heart failure, the jugular pulse is abnormal up to which point?
All the way up
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with increased venous pressure in cattle?
Hemothorax
Which rib articulation is the apex of the heart located at?
6th rib
Where is the pulmonary valve located?
3rd intercostal space
Which valve is located at the 4th intercostal space?
Pulmonary valve
Which sound is not usually heard in farm animals during diastole?
3rd sound
Which sound is loud if there is increased force of contraction?
lub
Which sound is loud if there is increased pressure in vessels?
dup
Which rhythm is irregularly irregular and can be caused by gastrointestinal tract or electrolyte disturbance?
Atrial fibrillation
Which type of murmur is characterized by a rough, harsh sound?
Systolic murmur
Which type of murmur is characterized by a softer, purring sound?
Valvular regurgitation
Which type of murmur is characterized by a brr-lub-dup sound?
Pre-systolic murmur
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a systolic murmur and can range from no effect to sudden death in calves?
Patent ductus
Which of the following conditions is associated with a machinery murmur and can cause exercise intolerance and weakness in calves?
Patent foramen ovale
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a combination of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, dextroposed aorta, and secondary ventricular hypertrophy?
Tetralogy of Fallot
Which of the following conditions is associated with no pulmonary stenosis and can cause cyanosis and dyspnea in calves?
Aortic stenosis
Which of the following conditions is characterized by milk regurgitation and is very uncommon in calves?
Aortic stenosis
Which of the following conditions can cause a tumultuous and humming murmur in cattle?
Anaemia
Which of the following toxicities can lead to cardiovascular abnormalities in cattle?
Mercury
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with increased venous pressure in cattle?
Oesophageal obstruction
Which of the following diseases is associated with a cardiac form of anemia in cattle?
EBL
Which of the following is a characteristic of pericardial sounds in cattle?
Washing machine-like sound
What is a possible symptom of cardiac disease in cattle?
Pain on percussion over heart
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pericardial sounds in cattle?
Rubbing sound
Which of the following organisms is NOT typically associated with pericarditis in cattle?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following tests can be used to diagnose pericarditis in cattle?
Grunt or Eric Williams Test
What can happen if pericarditis in cattle is left untreated?
Rupture of a coronary vessel
What is the recommended treatment for pericarditis in cattle?
Antibiotics only
Which of the following organisms is NOT commonly associated with pericarditis in cattle?
Streptococcus bovis
Which of the following tests is NOT used to diagnose pericarditis in cattle?
Grunt test
What is the typical duration of pericarditis in cattle if left untreated?
1-2 weeks
What can rupture in cases of pericarditis in cattle?
Coronary vessel
Which of the following is a characteristic of Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Holstein cattle?
Fluid accumulations in the body cavities
What is the genetic component associated with Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Holstein cattle?
Mutation in the bovine optic atrophy 3 (OPA3) gene
What is the shape of the heart in Holstein cattle affected by Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Enlarged heart with a rounded 'globose' shape
Which of the following is a common symptom of caudal vena cava thrombosis in cattle?
Respiratory distress
What is the age range of cattle most commonly affected by caudal vena cava thrombosis?
Cattle between 1 and 3 years old
What is the primary cause of caudal vena cava thrombosis in cattle?
Liver abscess
Which of the following is a respiratory effect of cardiac failure in cattle?
Nasal discharge
What is the primary cause of cardiac failure in cattle?
Pulmonary hypertension
Which of the following is a symptom of cardiac disease in cattle?
Tachypnoea
Which of the following is a common cause of cardiac arrhythmias in cattle?
Abdominal distension
Which procedure can be used to diagnose ascites in cattle?
Abdominocentesis
Which condition can cause pericarditis in cattle?
Traumatic reticulitis
Which diuretic is commonly used in the treatment of Caudal Vena Cava Thrombosis in cattle?
Frusemide
Which medication is no longer licensed for the treatment of Caudal Vena Cava Thrombosis in cattle?
Millophyline
What is a potential consequence of persistent or repeated Caudal Vena Cava Thrombosis in cattle?
Tendency to die and become fallen stock
Which of the following is a common symptom of diffuse non-specific myocardial degeneration in cattle and sheep?
All of the above
Why is the cardiac muscle more prone to degenerative changes compared to skeletal muscle?
It has continuous activity
Which of the following animals are more likely to experience diffuse non-specific myocardial degeneration?
Both cattle and sheep
Which of the following degenerative changes is reversible in farm animals?
Fatty change
Which degenerative change is common in ruminants?
Atrophy
Which degenerative change is associated with abnormal brown pigmentation of the myocardium in Ayrshire cattle?
Xanthosis
Which of the following infectious diseases is commonly associated with myocardial necrosis in neonates?
Histophilus somni infection
Which of the following non-infectious syndromes can cause myocardial necrosis in piglets?
Saccharated iron toxicity
Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with myocardial necrosis?
Clostridial infections
Which of the following is a nutritional myopathy found in calves, lambs, and pigs?
Nutritional muscular dystrophy
What is another name for nutritional muscular dystrophy in growing weaned pigs?
White muscle disease
Which syndrome is associated with Vitamin E and selenium deficiency?
Nutritional muscular dystrophy
Which of the following is a predisposing factor for sudden death in neonatal calves with myocardial degeneration and necrosis?
Rapid post-natal growth
What is the primary cause of myocardial degeneration and necrosis in cattle?
Low bioavailability of Se in ration of dam
Which of the following syndromes is associated with low bioavailability of Se or Vit E in the ration of the dam?
Abortion and perinatal mortality
Which micronutrient is antagonistic to the absorption of Se in the ration of the dam?
Cu
Which of the following is a potential consequence of vitamin E / selenium supplementation in late pregnancy for ewes?
Decreased immune function
Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for checking diet supplementation with a nutritionist or feed mill?
Consulting a veterinarian
Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of consuming too much vitamin E / selenium?
Mineral deficiency
Test your knowledge of the cardiovascular system, including history, presenting signs, stages of production, past diseases like pneumonia and rumenitis. Also, learn about conditions like acidosis and management techniques such as mixing and worming. Plus, explore the effects of altitude, like being at 1600 meters in Colorado.
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