FARM: Cardiology: Farm Animal Cardiac Disease
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to rumenitis and acidosis in cattle?

  • Worming
  • Altitude
  • Pneumonia
  • Mixing (correct)

    • What is the stage of production that is relevant to the assessment of the cardiovascular system in cattle?

  • Management
  • Past disease
  • Presenting sign
  • Stage of production (correct)

    • At what altitude is the example given in the text located?

  • 1800 meters
  • 1400 meters
  • 1600 meters (correct)
  • 2000 meters

    • Which of the following is a subjective view used in the assessment of the cardiovascular system in cattle?

    <p>Undisturbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'provocation test' in the assessment of the cardiovascular system in cattle?

    <p>To observe the response to handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical sign is NOT considered in the assessment of the cardiovascular system in cattle?

    <p>Inter-mandibullar brisket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a non-cardiac system sign of cardiac disease in cattle?

    <p>Increased urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of cardiac disease in cattle?

    <p>Decreased urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signs may be observed in cattle with cardiac disease?

    <p>Decreased urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following skin tones indicates a PCV of 50% in cattle?

    <p>6-8% Tenting 2-4 secs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the skin tone associated with a PCV of 60+% in cattle?

    <p>10-12% Tenting 20+ secs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical signs of cattle with a PCV of 55%?

    <p>Cold extremities, ± recumbant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause pale mucous membranes in cattle?

    <p>Haemonchosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause right displaced abomasum in cattle?

    <p>Poor Perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following toxicities can lead to pale mucous membranes in cattle?

    <p>Nitrate/Nitrite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is characterized by red mucous membranes in cattle?

    <p>Salmomellosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is NOT associated with red mucous membranes in cattle?

    <p>Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease can cause red mucous membranes in cattle and is also known as 'pink eye'?

    <p>Infectious Bovine Kerato-conjuctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause yellow discoloration of the skin in calves?

    <p>Hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause photosensitization in cattle?

    <p>Ragwort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases can lead to hemolytic anemia in cattle?

    <p>Babesia (Red Water)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with hemorrhagic mucous membranes in cattle?

    <p>Anthrax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following toxicities can lead to pale mucous membranes in cattle?

    <p>Copper toxicity (acute)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases can cause yellow discoloration of the skin in calves?

    <p>Leptospirosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause distension in the jugular and subcutaneous abdominal (milk) veins in cattle?

    <p>Hydrothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cattle with right-sided heart failure, the jugular pulse is abnormal up to which point?

    <p>All the way up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with increased venous pressure in cattle?

    <p>Hemothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rib articulation is the apex of the heart located at?

    <p>6th rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the pulmonary valve located?

    <p>3rd intercostal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is located at the 4th intercostal space?

    <p>Pulmonary valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sound is not usually heard in farm animals during diastole?

    <p>3rd sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sound is loud if there is increased force of contraction?

    <p>lub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sound is loud if there is increased pressure in vessels?

    <p>dup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rhythm is irregularly irregular and can be caused by gastrointestinal tract or electrolyte disturbance?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of murmur is characterized by a rough, harsh sound?

    <p>Systolic murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of murmur is characterized by a softer, purring sound?

    <p>Valvular regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of murmur is characterized by a brr-lub-dup sound?

    <p>Pre-systolic murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by a systolic murmur and can range from no effect to sudden death in calves?

    <p>Patent ductus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with a machinery murmur and can cause exercise intolerance and weakness in calves?

    <p>Patent foramen ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by a combination of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, dextroposed aorta, and secondary ventricular hypertrophy?

    <p>Tetralogy of Fallot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with no pulmonary stenosis and can cause cyanosis and dyspnea in calves?

    <p>Aortic stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by milk regurgitation and is very uncommon in calves?

    <p>Aortic stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause a tumultuous and humming murmur in cattle?

    <p>Anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following toxicities can lead to cardiovascular abnormalities in cattle?

    <p>Mercury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with increased venous pressure in cattle?

    <p>Oesophageal obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with a cardiac form of anemia in cattle?

    <p>EBL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of pericardial sounds in cattle?

    <p>Washing machine-like sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible symptom of cardiac disease in cattle?

    <p>Pain on percussion over heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pericardial sounds in cattle?

    <p>Rubbing sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is NOT typically associated with pericarditis in cattle?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests can be used to diagnose pericarditis in cattle?

    <p>Grunt or Eric Williams Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if pericarditis in cattle is left untreated?

    <p>Rupture of a coronary vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for pericarditis in cattle?

    <p>Antibiotics only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is NOT commonly associated with pericarditis in cattle?

    <p>Streptococcus bovis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is NOT used to diagnose pericarditis in cattle?

    <p>Grunt test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of pericarditis in cattle if left untreated?

    <p>1-2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can rupture in cases of pericarditis in cattle?

    <p>Coronary vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Holstein cattle?

    <p>Fluid accumulations in the body cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic component associated with Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Holstein cattle?

    <p>Mutation in the bovine optic atrophy 3 (OPA3) gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the heart in Holstein cattle affected by Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

    <p>Enlarged heart with a rounded 'globose' shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of caudal vena cava thrombosis in cattle?

    <p>Respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range of cattle most commonly affected by caudal vena cava thrombosis?

    <p>Cattle between 1 and 3 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of caudal vena cava thrombosis in cattle?

    <p>Liver abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a respiratory effect of cardiac failure in cattle?

    <p>Nasal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cardiac failure in cattle?

    <p>Pulmonary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of cardiac disease in cattle?

    <p>Tachypnoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of cardiac arrhythmias in cattle?

    <p>Abdominal distension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure can be used to diagnose ascites in cattle?

    <p>Abdominocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause pericarditis in cattle?

    <p>Traumatic reticulitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diuretic is commonly used in the treatment of Caudal Vena Cava Thrombosis in cattle?

    <p>Frusemide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is no longer licensed for the treatment of Caudal Vena Cava Thrombosis in cattle?

    <p>Millophyline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of persistent or repeated Caudal Vena Cava Thrombosis in cattle?

    <p>Tendency to die and become fallen stock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of diffuse non-specific myocardial degeneration in cattle and sheep?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the cardiac muscle more prone to degenerative changes compared to skeletal muscle?

    <p>It has continuous activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals are more likely to experience diffuse non-specific myocardial degeneration?

    <p>Both cattle and sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following degenerative changes is reversible in farm animals?

    <p>Fatty change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which degenerative change is common in ruminants?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which degenerative change is associated with abnormal brown pigmentation of the myocardium in Ayrshire cattle?

    <p>Xanthosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infectious diseases is commonly associated with myocardial necrosis in neonates?

    <p>Histophilus somni infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following non-infectious syndromes can cause myocardial necrosis in piglets?

    <p>Saccharated iron toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with myocardial necrosis?

    <p>Clostridial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nutritional myopathy found in calves, lambs, and pigs?

    <p>Nutritional muscular dystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for nutritional muscular dystrophy in growing weaned pigs?

    <p>White muscle disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is associated with Vitamin E and selenium deficiency?

    <p>Nutritional muscular dystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a predisposing factor for sudden death in neonatal calves with myocardial degeneration and necrosis?

    <p>Rapid post-natal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of myocardial degeneration and necrosis in cattle?

    <p>Low bioavailability of Se in ration of dam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following syndromes is associated with low bioavailability of Se or Vit E in the ration of the dam?

    <p>Abortion and perinatal mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which micronutrient is antagonistic to the absorption of Se in the ration of the dam?

    <p>Cu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of vitamin E / selenium supplementation in late pregnancy for ewes?

    <p>Decreased immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for checking diet supplementation with a nutritionist or feed mill?

    <p>Consulting a veterinarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of consuming too much vitamin E / selenium?

    <p>Mineral deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

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