66 Questions
Which factor contributed to the decline of health and well-being in Indigenous communities?
Decline hunting and harvesting resources
According to anthropologist Naomi Adelson, how are health and identity linked for Indigenous peoples?
They are linked as part of the struggle for voice and endurance
Which region does the essay focus on in relation to the integral role of fish in Indigenous history?
Western Canada
What is one reason for the lower status of fish in history?
All of the above
What is the main transformation that occurred to fish in the early twentieth century?
They became a commercial export product
What fishing tools did Indigenous populations in the Northwest use?
Fishing nets and traps
When did the DIA begin to provide medical services systematically?
1915
According to the text, what did Indian hospitals operate as?
All of the above
What did Liza Piper emphasize in her article?
The transformation of the relationship among fish, people, and freshwater ecosystems
Which fish species suffered directly from the intensified harvesting in the Manitoba freshwater fisheries?
Pickerel
What was the principal work of the Prairie hatcheries in Manitoba?
To replenish the supply of whitefish and pickerel on the large commercial fishing lakes
Which lake showed signs of overfishing in the opening decades of the twentieth century?
Lake Winnipegosis
According to J.B. Skaptason, what was happening to Lake Manitoba by 1930?
It was being fished beyond its capacity
What did industrial fishers do after depleting the fish population in a lake?
They moved on to another lake
What was the direct impact of industrial harvesting on fish species?
It led to the extirpation of commercial species
During the colonial era, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) hired Orkneymen as expert fishermen primarily to
Ensure a steady supply of fish for the missions and the fur trade
In the colonial era, the HBC and its competitors situated their posts at productive fish sites and kept stores of fish through the winter months primarily to
Support the fur business
The rise of industrial export fisheries in the late nineteenth century had a more immediate and negative impact on freshwater ecosystems compared to the colonial era primarily because
Signs of depletion and ecological damage appeared within a few years
The adoption of dogs as a principal means of winter transportation after 1850 significantly increased the demand for fish primarily because
Dogs were fed with fish
Which fish species spawned in shallower, inshore waters with hard or stony bottoms?
Lake whitefish
Which of the following is true about the Gull Harbour hatchery at Lake Winnipeg?
It was replaced with a new operation in 1936
What was the purpose of the SS Bradbury steamer?
To transport eggs for the Gull Harbour hatchery
Why were some Indigenous people characterized as 'poachers'?
Because they continued their long-standing harvesting activities
What was the role of the hatchery superintendent?
To distribute fishing licenses
What are some health consequences of chronic malnutrition?
All of the above
Why do many northern households struggle to put food on the table?
Limited access to forest and freshwater foods
Which government department did A.G. Cunningham want to bring the unsanitary living conditions on the Dauphin River reservation to the attention of?
Department of Indian Affairs
Where was the water for drinking and washing taken from in the settlement?
The Dauphin River
Where was the water for the hatchery and residence taken from?
The Dauphin River
What was the potential hazard to the health of hatchery employees according to A.G. Cunningham?
Indigenous fishing camp
During the outbreak, which group of people were the most significantly affected by the typhoid disease?
Children under the age of 10
What disease caused the epidemic outbreak at Dauphin River?
Typhoid
What was the primary mode of transmission for the typhoid disease?
Contaminated food and water
What percentage of individuals infected with the typhoid bacillus died before effective antibiotics were available?
Approximately 10%
According to the text, what is the definition of food insecurity?
The condition of not having regular access to enough nutritious food for a healthy life
What percentage of on-reserve Indigenous households in northern Manitoba were food insecure, according to the United Nations' Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food?
60%
What were the rates of food insecurity for Inuit adults in Nunavut, according to the United Nations' Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food?
70%
How does the food insecurity rate for Indigenous populations in northern Manitoba and Nunavut compare to the national average?
Six times higher
What does Amartya Sen note about food crises?
They are mainly caused by political and economic practices.
What is the main cause of food insecurity in northern Indigenous communities according to the text?
Political and economic practices
What does the chapter in the text seek to illuminate?
The impact of government policies and monopolies on the health and well-being of Indigenous peoples.
According to Jeremy Rich, why is control over food systems and lines of supply important in the Canadian context?
To reinforce colonial power
What does Sonya Atalay argue about stories of survivance?
They require an understanding of extreme struggle and survival
What initiatives have Indigenous communities taken to regain control of their food economies?
All of the above
What services does the Northern Store provide to many communities in addition to selling food and general merchandise?
All of the above
What did the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) sell its Northern Department to in 1987?
Employees of the HBC and Private Investors
What is the main reason why the North West Company (NWC) operates as a virtual monopoly in northern Indigenous communities?
Historical connection to the fur trade
What is one strategy used by Indigenous peoples in remote locations for food sharing?
Using community freezers
What did the federal government fail to consider when resettling Indigenous peoples on reserves?
Access to hunting territories
What did provincial hunting laws in northern Canada do to Indigenous peoples' hunting practices?
All of the above
According to Miriam McNab's study, what were the major reasons for the settlement and creation of towns or villages in northern Manitoba?
The introduction of family allowances and compulsory attendance of children at schools
What was a significant barrier for northerners to participate in the southern commercial economy, despite the introduction of family allowances?
The high cost of food in the North
What did Miriam McNab's study focus on in relation to First Nations and Métis women and their children?
Their adaptation to urban environments
What was the purpose of the federal government's Family Allowance Program?
To address concerns about malnutrition and hunger in the North
What impact did the regulations on family allowance monies have on Indigenous families?
Limited the kinds of goods that could be purchased
What was the main focus of the North West Company's market operations for customers aged 18 to 25?
Being accessible to them through credit financing
What was the increase in NWC profits from food since 1987?
From 40% to more than 80%
Which program replaced the Food Mail Program in 2011?
Nutrition North Canada
What was the purpose of the Food Mail Program?
To address the enormous costs of shipping southern commercial foods
When did the Department of Indian Affairs start administering the Food Mail Program?
1991
According to Dene theorist Glen Coulthard, the newest paradigm of Canadian colonialism aims to discipline Indigenous life to the cold rationality of what?
Market principles
What is one way in which the Canadian government addresses food insecurity in the North?
By proposing market-based solutions
What happens to the funding for 'food, water and health care' if First Nations do not comply with the First Nations Financial Transparency Act (FNFTA)?
It is cut
What was the primary reason for the lack of awareness and participation in the Food Mail Program (FMP) in many northern regions?
Lack of advertising and awareness
What led to the introduction of the Nutrition North Canada (NNC) program?
Concerns over high costs of the FMP
What impact did the introduction of the Nutrition North Canada (NNC) program have on food subsidies in northern communities?
Reduced subsidies for ineligible communities and items
Study Notes
Decline of Health and Well-being in Indigenous Communities
- Chronic malnutrition is a major health consequence in Indigenous communities
- Food insecurity is a significant contributor to the decline of health and well-being in Indigenous communities
Health and Identity
- Anthropologist Naomi Adelson links health and identity for Indigenous peoples, suggesting that identity is closely tied to health and well-being
Importance of Fish in Indigenous History
- Fish played a significant role in Indigenous history, particularly in the region of Manitoba
- The early twentieth century saw a major transformation in the way fish was harvested and used
Indigenous Fishing Practices
- Indigenous populations in the Northwest used fishing tools such as nets and weirs
- Fish species such as trout and whitefish spawned in shallower, inshore waters with hard or stony bottoms
Colonial Era and Industrial Fishing
- The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) hired Orkneymen as expert fishermen to harvest fish in the colonial era
- The rise of industrial export fisheries in the late nineteenth century had a more negative impact on freshwater ecosystems compared to the colonial era
Health Consequences and Food Insecurity
- Food insecurity is defined as a situation where people do not have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs
- According to the United Nations' Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, 70% of on-reserve Indigenous households in northern Manitoba were food insecure
- Food insecurity rates are higher in northern Indigenous communities compared to the national average
Control over Food Systems
- Amartya Sen notes that food crises are often a result of a lack of control over food systems and lines of supply
- Jeremy Rich argues that control over food systems and lines of supply is important in the Canadian context
Indigenous Food Initiatives
- Indigenous communities have taken initiatives to regain control of their food economies, such as establishing their own food systems and supply chains
- Sonya Atalay argues that stories of survivance are important in reclaiming control over food systems
Northern Store and the North West Company
- The Northern Store provides services to many communities in addition to selling food and general merchandise
- The North West Company (NWC) operates as a virtual monopoly in northern Indigenous communities, making it difficult for Indigenous peoples to access affordable and nutritious food
Colonial Era Fisheries: Exploring the Importance of Freshwater Fish in Missionary and Fur Trade Activities
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