Cognitive Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

B.F. Skinner developed the “Skinner box” or ______ chamber to explain learning.

conditioning

Skinner founded ______ conditioning, where behavior is shaped by rewards or punishments.

operant

According to Skinner, ______ is the key to behavior; the consequences of a behavior determine whether it will occur again.

reinforcement

Cognitive psychology rejects the idea that we start as a ______ ______ that only reinforcement can affect.

<p>tabula rasa</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ are mental processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge.

<p>cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Edward Tolman argued that rats create a ______ ______, a representation of the maze in its mind.

<p>cognitive map</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thorndike hypothesized that animals engage in goal-______ behaviors

<p>directed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thorndike postulated that cognitive goals lead to trial and ______ learning.

<p>error</p> Signup and view all the answers

Edward Thorndike is considered the Father of ______ Psychology.

<p>Educational</p> Signup and view all the answers

Noam Chomsky, a major contributor to the cognitive revolution, studied language ______.

<p>development</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1890, James wrote the first synthesis and summary of psychology called ______ of Psychology.

<p>Principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gustav Fechner studied how physical differences are experienced ______, which is known as Psychophysics.

<p>psychologically</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ernst Weber and Gustav Fechner learned that experience does not always match ______ differences.

<p>objective</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paul Broca linked a specific part of the ______ with specific dysfunction by studying brain-damaged patients.

<p>brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with damage to Broca's area were often unable to ______ but could understand.

<p>speak</p> Signup and view all the answers

Franciscus Donders systematically studied reaction times as a window into ______ processing.

<p>cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a choice reaction time task, participants press one of two buttons after ______ which answer is correct.

<p>choosing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Donders inferred decision time by subtracting ______ RT from Choice RT.

<p>Simple</p> Signup and view all the answers

Observations based on the functions of his own mind, not experiments, led to ______.

<p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is the study of how mental processes enable people to adapt to their environments.

<p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior.

<p>Behaviorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to behaviorism, subjective reports like ______ are considered too unreliable and unverifiable for scientific study.

<p>introspections</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ivan Pavlov founded ______ by studying the physiology of digestion, which involves stimulus-response pairings.

<p>classical</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Watson's goal was to predict and control behavior through the study of ______ behavior.

<p>observable</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus, after being paired with a stimulus that naturally creates a response, comes to create the ______ response by itself.

<p>physiological</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learning often involved creation of a '______' response.

<p>conditioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Watson was inspired by Pavlov and wanted to eliminate the ______ as a topic of study.

<p>mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

Watson and Rayner's study with 'Little Albert' demonstrated how pairing a rat with a loud noise could lead to a ______ response to the rat alone.

<p>fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skinner took the position of ______ (i.e., that the mind starts out as a blank state).

<p>tabula rasa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ulric Neisser coined the term '______' in his 1967 book officially marking the Cognitive Revolution.

<p>Cognitive Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) developed a ______ model of memory.

<p>three-stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] studies behavior of people with brain damage and people without brain damage engaging in various tasks (since 1800’s).

<p>Neuropsychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] studies electrical responses of the nervous system including brain neurons (mid 1900’s).

<p>Electrophysiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ showed that there is more than just inputs and outputs – there is internal processing.

<p>computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Santiago Ramon y Cajal proposed the ______ of brain organization.

<p>neuron doctrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positron emission tomography is also known as ______.

<p>PET</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is also known as ______.

<p>fMRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thinking of the Steps Ongoing in the Mind: Donald Broadbent Introduces ______ to Describe the Role of Attention in Filtering Information

<p>Flow Diagrams</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brain contains 100-200 billion ______.

<p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each neuron has a cell body (soma), an ______, and dendrites.

<p>axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Nerve net' theory proposed by Camillo Golgi suggested that neurons ______ and then fuse.

<p>touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

Santiago Ramon y Cajal developed the Neuron ______ which states that individual nerve cells transmit signals independently.

<p>Doctrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basic structure of a neuron allows them to ______ with each other.

<p>communicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brain is part of the central nervous ______.

<p>system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dendrites have multiple branches which ______ information from other neurons.

<p>receive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Camillo Golgi created a ______ technique that allowed for the first clear view of a brain neuron.

<p>staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outermost layer of the brain is called the ______.

<p>cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feature detectors are neurons that respond best to a specific ______.

<p>stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experience-dependent plasticity indicates that the structure of the brain changes with ______.

<p>experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hierarchical processing involves perceiving different objects in a specific order that moves from lower to ______ areas of the brain.

<p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

Specificity coding represents a stimulus by the firing of specifically-tuned ______.

<p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sparse coding involves a pattern of firing of only a small group of ______, with the majority remaining silent.

<p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Double dissociation helps to identify functions controlled by different parts of the ______.

<p>brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

When Broca's Area is damaged, language ______ is impaired.

<p>production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracks the rate at which glucose is being used by ______.

<p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is specifically responsive to ______.

<p>faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) responds specifically to pictures of ______ and parts of bodies.

<p>bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures neural activity by identifying highly ______ hemoglobin molecules.

<p>oxygenated</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brain is an organ of massive, distributed, parallel ______.

<p>processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to Wernicke's Area results in impaired language ______.

<p>comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Principles of Psychology

The first synthesis and summary of psychology by William James.

Psychophysics

Study of how physical stimuli are perceived psychologically, by Fechner.

Reference Dependence

Our perception of differences depends on the starting point of comparison.

Broca's Aphasia

Condition where patients can understand speech but cannot speak, linked to brain damage.

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Localization of Ability

Concept where specific brain areas are linked to specific functions or abilities.

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Mental Chronometry

Study of reaction times to understand cognitive processing.

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Simple RT vs. Choice RT

Simple RT: one button press; Choice RT: two buttons, requires decision.

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Donders' Method

Infer decision time by subtracting Simple RT from Choice RT.

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Functionalism

The study of how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments.

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Behaviorism

An approach that studies objectively observable behavior, excluding mental states.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural response.

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John Watson

The 'Father of Behaviorism' who promoted observable behavior and rejected introspection.

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Little Albert Experiment

A study where a child was conditioned to fear a rat through loud noises.

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Introspection

Personal observation of one's own mental processes, seen as unreliable in behaviorism.

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Adaptive Significance

The importance of mental processes for accommodating to the environment.

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Pavlov’s Contribution

Founded the concept of classical conditioning through his work on digestion and reflexes.

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Objective Measurement

The practice of measuring observable phenomena in psychology.

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Behavioral Psychology

A branch focusing exclusively on behavior and dismissing the study of the mind.

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Tabula Rasa

The mind starts as a blank state; cannot learn language through operant conditioning alone.

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Information Processing Approach

A study of the mind modeled after computer processes, focusing on internal processing.

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Flow Diagrams

Visual representations of attention’s role in filtering information; introduced by Donald Broadbent.

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Cognitive Revolution

Shift to studying mental processes; Ulric Neisser's 1967 book coined 'Cognitive Psychology'.

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Three-Stage Model of Memory

Atkinson and Shiffrin's model: Sensory, Short-term, Long-term memory stages.

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Types of Long-term Memory

Includes episodic (life events), semantic (facts), and procedural (actions).

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Neuropsychology

Studies brain behavior relationships, comparing those with and without brain damage.

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Electrophysiology

Study of electrical responses in the nervous system, including brain neurons.

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Brain Imaging Techniques

Methods like PET and fMRI used to observe brain activity during cognition.

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Neurons

Building blocks of the brain that communicate through dendrites, axons, and synapses.

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Operant Conditioning

A learning process where behavior is shaped by rewards or punishments.

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Reinforcement

The consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood of it being repeated.

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Skinner Box

An experimental apparatus used by B.F. Skinner to study operant conditioning.

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Cognitive Psychology

The study of mental processes involved in knowledge acquisition and usage.

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Cognitive Map

A mental representation of the physical environment, as shown by Tolman's rat experiments.

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Trial and Error Learning

A method where an organism tries various behaviors to achieve a goal, refining based on success.

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Edward Tolman

A behaviorist who introduced the idea of cognitive maps through rat experiments.

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Jean Piaget

A developmental psychologist who studied how people create meaning and knowledge through experience.

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Noam Chomsky

A linguist who argued that language structure is partly inborn and contributed to cognitive psychology.

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Psychological and Physiological

Everything psychological is also physiological; they interact.

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Levels of Analysis

Different perspectives including neurons, brain structures, and behavior.

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Neuron Structure

A neuron has a cell body, axon, and dendrites.

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Golgi's Nerve Theory

Proposed neurons fuse to form a continuous network.

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Neuron Doctrine

Neurons are independent units that transmit signals in one direction.

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Brain Facts

The adult brain weighs 3-4 pounds and has 100-200 billion neurons.

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Neurons Communication

Neurons communicate through electrical and chemical signals.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid

Fluid that surrounds and protects the brain.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outermost layer of the brain, divided into two hemispheres.

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Feature Detectors

Neurons that respond best to specific stimuli features.

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Experience-Dependent Plasticity

The brain's structure changes as a result of experience.

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Hierarchical Processing

Perception occurs in a specific order from simple to complex.

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Specificity Coding

Representation of a stimulus by specifically-tuned neurons.

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Sparse Coding

Representation of a stimulus by a small group of active neurons.

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Population Coding

Representation of a stimulus by many neurons firing in pattern.

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Double Dissociation

A method identifying different brain functions by comparing functions lost or retained.

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Broca’s Area

Brain area responsible for language production; damage impairs speech.

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Wernicke’s Area

Brain area responsible for language comprehension; damage impairs understanding.

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Imaging technique using radioactive glucose to measure brain activity.

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Measures brain activity by detecting oxygenated blood flow.

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Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

Brain region specifically responsive to faces; damage causes prosopagnosia.

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Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

Brain area responding specifically to places and scenes.

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Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)

Region that responds to images of bodies and body parts.

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Study Notes

Overview of Cognitive Psychology

  • Cognitive psychology is the study of the mind's workings
  • Early 19th century attempts to study the mind included psychophysics, structuralism, introspection, reaction times, forgetting curves, and psychology texts.
  • 1950s and 1960s marked a "cognitive revolution" - the study of human information processing, with diagrams as tools.
  • 1970s to present, the study of the field expanded to include EEG, brain imaging (PET and fMRI), and focus areas like sensory perception, learning, communication, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

Early Efforts to study the Mind

  • Fechner (1854) and Weber investigated how physical differences are perceived psychologically (psychophysics).
  • Broca (1861) linked specific brain areas to specific functions, like language production (Broca's area).
  • Donders (1868) measured reaction time to infer decision-making time.
  • Wundt (1879) established the first psychology lab, focusing on structuralism (the structure of human experience).
  • Ebbinghaus studied memory through nonsense syllable lists.
  • James (1890) synthesized psychology in his "Principles of Psychology".

Behaviorism

  • Behaviorism focused on observable behaviors and rejected studying the mind.
  • Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner were pivotal in this approach.
  • Pavlov discovered classical conditioning.
  • Watson's work emphasized controlling behavior through learned responses.
  • Skinner's operant conditioning involved shaping behavior with rewards and punishments.

The Rebirth of the Mind

  • Tolman's work on cognitive maps challenged behaviorism, suggesting that animals possess mental representations of their environment.
  • Piaget explored intellectual development, proposing that knowledge is constructed through experience.
  • Chomsky argued that language acquisition is innate and not solely learned.

Cognitive Revolution

  • Cognitive psychology emerged as a field influenced by computer science and information processing models.
  • Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed a three-stage model of memory: sensory, short-term, and long-term.

Cognitive Neuroscience

  • Neuroscience examines the biological basis of cognition.
  • Neuropsychology explores behavior in brain-damaged patients.
  • Techniques like Electrophysiology, PET, and fMRI allowed studying brain activity during cognitive tasks.

Neurons and the Brain

  • Neurons are the basic building blocks of the brain.
  • Cajal's neuron doctrine proposed that neurons are separate units.
  • Neurons communicate chemically through neurotransmitters at synapses.
  • Action potentials are electrical signals transmitted within a neuron.

Brain Function

  • Functional areas have specialized roles in the brain, like Broca's area for language production and Wernicke's area for language comprehension.
  • Distributed representations suggest that many brain areas contribute to a single cognitive function.
  • Neural networks consist of interconnected areas that form complex pathways for information processing.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts and key figures in cognitive psychology, including B.F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike, and Noam Chomsky. This quiz covers important theories and experiments that shape our understanding of learning and behavior. Test your knowledge on cognitive processes and their implications in psychology.

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