Overview of Learning Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a stimulus that naturally evokes a response without prior training?

  • Neutral stimulus
  • Unconditioned stimulus (correct)
  • Conditioned stimulus
  • Conditioned response

In Pavlov's experiment, what does the bell represent after conditioning?

  • Unconditioned stimulus
  • Neutral stimulus
  • Unconditioned response
  • Conditioned stimulus (correct)

What phase involves pairing the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus?

  • Conditioning phase (correct)
  • Response phase
  • Conditioned phase
  • Unconditioned phase

Which of the following best describes a conditioned response?

<p>A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus known as?

<p>Unconditioned response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimuli does not elicit an automatic response?

<p>Neutral stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of positive reinforcement?

<p>It increases a desired response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does negative reinforcement operate?

<p>By removing an adverse stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the pairing of stimuli in classical conditioning?

<p>It leads to a learned association between the stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes positive punishment?

<p>Presenting an aversive stimulus after a response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of classical conditioning in everyday life includes which of the following?

<p>Associating a ringtone with a significant person (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does negative punishment involve?

<p>Removing a pleasant stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

<p>Ending a dispute to reach an agreement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of constructivism in learning?

<p>The active role of the learner in knowledge construction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiments, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

<p>The food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the learned response to a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

<p>Conditioned response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the bell become a conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

<p>It was presented with food multiple times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of the learning process according to Atkinson and Shiffrin?

<p>Learning occurs through environmental input and memory processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'neutral stimulus' in Pavlov's classical conditioning?

<p>A stimulus that does not induce a response initially (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which learning theory emphasizes the construction of knowledge through experience?

<p>Constructivism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of learning may vary according to constructivist views?

<p>The accuracy of knowledge representation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes learning according to learning theories?

<p>Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience in the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of learning theories?

<p>Experiential learning theories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do behaviorist learning theories primarily focus on?

<p>Observable and measurable aspects of human behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is NOT recognized as a prominent behaviorist theorist?

<p>Albert Bandura (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of human learning does maturation primarily focus on?

<p>Natural growth and development not requiring experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cognitive learning theories, how is the human learner conceptualized?

<p>As a processor of information, similar to a computer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do behaviorists believe about learning new behaviors?

<p>Unacceptable behaviors can be unlearned and replaced with acceptable ones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cognitive-information processing learning theories?

<p>They regard the learner as an active processor of information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Cue Exposure Therapy?

<p>To eliminate the desire for addictive substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does stimulus generalization involve?

<p>Responding to similar stimuli as if they are the same (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?

<p>The conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what does reinforcement do?

<p>Ensures that a behavior persists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What exemplifies stimulus discrimination?

<p>A dog only salivating to a specific bell sound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous recovery?

<p>The sudden reappearance of a learned response after extinction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Skinner demonstrate operant conditioning?

<p>Through a process of reinforcement while teaching animals new behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In aversion therapy, what is paired with unwanted behavior?

<p>Unpleasant experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a response in operant conditioning?

<p>It is voluntary and emitted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process in operant conditioning involves reinforcing successive approximations to a target behavior?

<p>Shaping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what is extinction?

<p>The cessation of reinforcement for a behavior leading to its decline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement directly satisfies a biological need?

<p>Primary reinforcer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does negative reinforcement differ from punishment?

<p>It removes a negative stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a patient is ignored for inappropriate use of hospital facilities?

<p>The behavior is likely to extinguish. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be observed when a new behavior is being shaped?

<p>Gradual reinforcement leading to the desired behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Behaviorist Learning Theories

Theories that focus on how individuals learn by observing and imitating others, and by being rewarded or punished for certain behaviors. They emphasize the role of conditioning in shaping behavior.

Cognitive Learning Theories

Theories that emphasize the role of mental processes in learning, including how information is perceived, processed, and stored in memory. They see the learner as an active participant in the learning process.

Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)

A key element of cognitive learning theories, this approach views the learner as an active processor of information. The human mind is compared to a computer, processing and storing information through various cognitive processes.

Cognitive-Constructivist Learning Theories

Learning theories that emphasize the active construction of knowledge by learners through interaction with their environment and social experiences. They believe learning is a social and collaborative process.

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Learning

A change in behavior that is relatively permanent and results from experience. Individuals acquire new knowledge, skills, or attitudes through interaction with their environment.

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Maturation

The process of growth and development that occurs naturally without any specific training or practice. It is influenced by biological factors.

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Learning vs. Maturation

In contrast to maturation, learning is the outcome of practice and experience. It depends on the individual's interaction with the environment.

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Educational Psychology

An area of study focused on understanding how people learn and how to improve the teaching and learning process.

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Learning Process

Learning occurs when information from the environment is processed, stored in memory, and then used to create a new skill or knowledge.

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Constructivism

The idea that individuals actively construct their own understanding of the world based on their experiences.

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Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural stimulus, leading to a new response.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior learning.

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A response that occurs naturally and automatically in response to an unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to become associated with it.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

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Pairing

The process of pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to create a learned association.

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Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that initially doesn't cause any particular response. For example, a bell before it's paired with food.

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Pairing Phase in Classical Conditioning

The pairing of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to create a learned association.

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Conditioned Phase in Classical Conditioning

The phase after conditioning where the conditioned stimulus alone triggers the conditioned response. For example, the bell alone makes the dog salivate.

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Negative Reinforcement

A type of learning where an unpleasant stimulus is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

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Punishment

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

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Positive Punishment

A type of punishment where an unpleasant stimulus is presented after a behavior to decrease its likelihood.

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Negative Punishment

A type of punishment where a pleasant stimulus is removed after a behavior to decrease its likelihood.

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Positive Reinforcement

A type of reinforcement that involves providing an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to increase its likelihood.

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What is operant conditioning?

In operant conditioning, a behavior is strengthened or weakened based on the consequences that follow it. Think of it as learning through rewards and punishments. Each time a behavior is rewarded, it's more likely to happen again, and vice versa.

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What is negative reinforcement?

This is a type of reinforcement that reduces the likelihood of a behavior by removing something pleasant after the behavior occurs.

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What is shaping in operant conditioning?

Shaping is a method used to teach new behaviors by breaking them down into smaller steps, rewarding successful completion of each step.

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What is extinction in operant conditioning?

Extinction in operant conditioning means the gradual disappearance of a learned behavior when the reinforcement for it is stopped.

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What are primary reinforcers?

These are rewards that satisfy basic needs, like food, water, and safety.

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What is positive reinforcement?

This is a type of reinforcement that involves adding something pleasurable after the desired behavior occurs, making the behavior more likely to happen again.

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What are secondary reinforcers?

Secondary reinforcers are learned rewards that have value because they are associated with primary reinforcers. For example, money is valuable because it can buy food, water, and other necessities.

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What is negative reinforcement?

These are rewards that involve taking away something unpleasant after the desired behavior occurs, making the behavior more likely to happen again.

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Cue Exposure Therapy

An application of classical conditioning used to treat addiction where individuals are exposed to cues associated with their addiction in a safe and controlled environment to help them overcome cravings.

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Aversion Therapy

A type of behavioral therapy that uses classical conditioning to create an aversion to an undesirable behavior by pairing it with an unpleasant stimulus. For example, pairing alcohol with a drug that causes vomiting to reduce alcohol consumption.

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Stimulus Generalization

A learning process where an organism responds to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus, even if it has never been directly associated with the unconditioned stimulus. For example, a dog conditioned to salivate to a bell might also salivate to a chime.

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Stimulus Discrimination

A learning process where an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to similar stimuli. For example, a dog might learn to salivate to a bell but not to a chime.

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Extinction

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. For example, if you continually ring a bell without presenting food, the dog's salivation response to the bell will eventually fade.

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Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction. For example, after a dog's salivation response to a bell has been extinguished, it might suddenly salivate again the next day when the bell is rung.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning established by B.F. Skinner where an association is formed between a behavior and its consequences. The behavior is either reinforced, making it more likely to occur, or punished, making it less likely to occur. For example, a rat pressing a lever to receive food.

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Reinforcement

A principle in operant conditioning where a consequence is added after a behavior to increase the probability of that behavior occurring again. For example, giving a dog a treat after it sits on command.

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Study Notes

Learning Theories Overview

  • Learning theories explain how individuals acquire, organize, and use skills and knowledge.
  • They combine principles from human memory, behavior, and learning to understand and predict human thought and action.
  • Educational psychologists and researchers have developed various theories over centuries.

Categories of Learning Theories

  • Learning theories are broadly grouped into three categories:
    • Behaviorist learning theories
    • Cognitive learning theories
    • Cognitive-constructivist learning theories

1. Behaviorist Learning Theories

  • Behaviorism focuses on observable and measurable aspects of human behavior.
  • Behaviorist learning theories emphasize changes in behavior resulting from stimulus-response associations.
  • Behaviorists believe behaviors are learned habits and aim to explain how these habits form.
  • They assert only observable actions (not thoughts or emotions) are worthy of study.
  • They don't explain abnormal behavior in terms of brain function or internal processes.
  • Key figures include Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner.
  • Behaviorists believe that all behaviours can be learned and, if unacceptable, replaced with an acceptable behaviour.

2. Cognitive Learning Theories

  • Cognitive learning theories, often categorized as cognitive-information processing (CIP), view learners as processors of information.
  • Learning is seen as input from the environment, processing the information, storing it in memory, and output in the form of a learned capability, similar to how a computer functions.
  • Key figures: Atkinson and Shiffrin, Jean Piaget.

3. Cognitive-Constructivist Learning Theories

  • Constructivism is the belief that learners construct their own knowledge based on experience.
  • This approach emphasizes the active role of individual learners in building knowledge.
  • It highlights the importance of both social and personal experiences in the learning process.
  • The knowledge gained can vary in accuracy as a representation of reality.

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

  • Pavlov's theory is based on studying animal digestion.
  • Pavlov observed that dogs began to salivate in response to stimuli associated with food (e.g., a bell sound).
  • This process involved a neutral stimulus (e.g., bell) becoming a conditioned stimulus which triggers a conditioned response (e.g., salivation) after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food).
  • Key Terms:
    • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response (food).
    • Unconditioned Response (UR): Natural response to the US (salivation).
    • Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially doesn't trigger a response (bell).
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Previously neutral stimulus now triggers a response after association (bell).
    • Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to the CS (salivation).
  • Classical conditioning is also known as respondent conditioning

Implications of Classical Conditioning

  • Learned associations influence human behaviour.
  • Classical conditioning explains everyday phenomena such as emotional reactions, preferences, and phobias.
  • It has practical applications in various contexts like advertising, healthcare, and therapeutic approaches.

Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)

  • Operant conditioning explores how consequences shape voluntary behaviors.
  • The key principle is that behaviors followed by desirable consequences are more likely to be repeated. Behaviors followed by undesirable consequences are less likely to be repeated.
  • Key concepts:
    • Shaping: Gradual reinforcement of successive approximations toward a desired behavior.
    • Positive reinforcement: Adding a stimulus to increase a behavior (e.g., praise).
    • Negative reinforcement: Removing a stimulus to increase a behavior (e.g., removing chores).
    • Positive punishment: Adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., scolding).
    • Negative punishment: Removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., taking away privileges).

Operant Conditioning Processes and Procedures

  • Extinction: When a behavior is no longer reinforced, it gradually weakens and disappears.
  • Shaping: A process of reinforcing successive approximations towards a target behavior.

Forms of Reinforcement

  • Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs (e.g., food, water, sex).
  • Secondary reinforcers are learned (e.g., praise, money).

Types of Reinforcement

  • Positive reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus.
  • Negative reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus.

Punishment

  • Aims to decrease a behavior.
  • Positive punishment: Presenting an aversive stimulus.
  • Negative punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus.

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Description

This quiz explores various learning theories, focusing on how individuals acquire and utilize knowledge. It examines behaviorist, cognitive, and cognitive-constructivist approaches, highlighting their principles and implications in educational psychology. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in learning.

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