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What is a characteristic of temperament according to the lecture?
What is the primary role of behavioral activation in reactions related to temperamental traits?
What are the two categories in which formal features of behavior can be described?
What is the name of the theory that describes the structure of temperament as independent traits?
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What is an assumption of the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT)?
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What is a characteristic of individual differences in temperament?
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What regulates the level of activation in terms of temperament?
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What is a correlation found between factors in empirical data?
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What is the trend of PCRQ (Parent-Child Relationship Quality) in relation to W1 Sensation Seeking and W2 Risk Taking?
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Which cluster is characterized by a lack of engagement in sensation-seeking activities and a preference for routine and predictability?
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Which cluster scores high on 'Impatient at Home' and 'Wild Parties' but low on 'Doing Frightening Things' and 'Bungee Jumping or Rafting'?
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What is the characteristic of Adventurers in terms of traveling?
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Which cluster scores high on 'Discovering New Places' and 'Bungee Jumping or Rafting'?
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What is the characteristic of Thrill Seekers in terms of their friends?
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Which cluster is characterized by a high score on 'Excitement with Breaking Rules'?
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What is the characteristic of Low Sensation Seekers in terms of their behavior?
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What is the average level of self-control exhibited by High Sensation Seekers?
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Who is credited with the origin of the concept of intelligence?
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What is the primary purpose of the Binet-Simon scale?
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What is the computation method for calculating an individual's IQ?
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What is the range of scores for individuals with exceptionally gifted or highly advanced intelligence?
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What is the term for the debate surrounding the idea that intelligence is biologically inherited and varies according to skin color?
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What is the primary purpose of the Army Alpha and Beta Tests?
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What is the definition of intelligence?
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Which of the following personality types is characterized by a need for constant stimulation and risk-taking?
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What is a common risk factor for individuals with a Type A Personality?
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Which of the following is a dimension of impulsivity that is higher in drug users?
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According to the studies, which group exhibits the highest level of sensation seeking?
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What is a characteristic of individuals with a Type T Personality?
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Which of the following is a dimension of sensation seeking that is higher in drug users?
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What is a key finding regarding impulsivity in drug users?
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What is the primary function of strong inhibition in behavior management?
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What is the characteristic of a response that is already encoded, but is overcome or contained?
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What is the term for the ability to produce conditioned inhibition reactions?
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What type of situation often requires strong inhibition?
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What is the result of overcoming or containing a response that is already encoded?
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What is the relationship between strong inhibition and conditioned inhibition?
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What is the purpose of differentiation in the context of inhibition?
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What is the term for the ability of the nervous system to manage prohibitions and refrain from specific actions?
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Study Notes
Strong Inhibition
- Necessary for managing prohibitions and refraining from specific actions
- Observed when a response that is already encoded is overcome or contained
- Secondary property of the nervous system in terms of conditioned, learned inhibition
- Ability to produce conditioned inhibition reactions (extinction, differentiation, delay)
- Manifests itself in situations where an individual deals with prohibitions and refraining from certain activities
Temperament
- Set of basic, primarily biologically determined and relatively stable personality traits
- Applies to the formal characteristics of behavior
- Includes energetic and temporal domains of behavior
- Assumptions:
- No hypotheses about any specific neurophysiological mechanism responsible for traits manifestation
- Behavioral activation plays a major role in reactions related to temperamental traits
- Functional significance of temperament can be most clearly demonstrated when individuals are confronted with stressful situations or excessive environmental demands
- Level of activation is regulated by biochemical and physiological processes which determine each person’s “neurochemical identity”
- Temperament refers to the formal characteristics of behavior
- “Temperament is an expression of energy level and temporal features of behavior”
Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT)
- Author: Sterlau
- Functional significance of temperament characteristics is observable especially under extreme demands
- Structure of temperament is described by independent traits:
- Sensory sensitivity
- Emotional reactivity
- Endurance
- Activity
- Briskness
- Perseverance
Postulates
- Temperament manifests itself in formal characteristics of behavior
- Formal features of behavior can be described in terms of energetic and temporal categories
- There are relatively stable individual differences in terms of formal characteristics of behavior
- Individual differences in temperament are common
Disinhibition and Sensation Seeking
- Disinhibition: focused on social activities
- Boredom susceptibility: tolerance for any kind of repetitive experience, including routine work and boring people
- Sensation seeking ≠ recklessness
- Impulsivity & sensation seeking:
- Impulsive sensation seeking
- Impulsivity as a substrate of neuroticism
- “Excitement seeking” as a substrate of extraversion
Type T Personality (Farley)
- Individuals who seem to need a life of constant stimulation and risk-taking
- Invariably high-energy people
- Find excitement in different creative activities (e.g. mental exercise)
Type A Personality (Farley)
- Potentially doubly dangerous—to themselves and to others individuals
- Looking for added excitement and risk
- Inclined to seek new thrills
- With a great risk of starting to use alcohol, tobacco, or drugs between ages 10 and 15
Studies
- Impulsivity:
- Overall: Drug users exhibit the highest impulsivity
- Specific Dimensions: Attention, Motor, and Non-Planning impulsivity are higher in drug users
- Sensation Seeking:
- Overall: Drug users also exhibit the highest sensation seeking
- Specific Dimensions: Significant differences in disinhibition suggest that drug users are more prone to disinhibited behavior
Cluster Analysis
- Cluster 1: Low Sensation Seekers
- Behaviors: Generally low scores across all measured behaviors
- Explanation: This group is characterized by a lack of engagement in sensation-seeking activities, indicating a preference for routine and predictability
- Cluster 2: Home-disliking Party Fans
- Discovering New Places: Slightly above average
- Traveling Without Plans: Slightly above average
- Impatient at Home: High score
- Unpredictable Friends: Above average
- Wild Parties: High score
- Explanation: This group dislikes staying at home and enjoys social activities and parties but does not engage much in high-risk activities like bungee jumping
- Cluster 3: Adventurers
- Discovering New Places: Above average
- Traveling Without Plans: High score
- Impatient at Home: Average
- Unpredictable Friends: Slightly above average
- Wild Parties: Slightly above average
- Explanation: Adventurers are characterized by a strong preference for discovering new places and spontaneous travel, with a tendency to engage in thrilling activities
- Cluster 4: Thrill Seekers
- Discovering New Places: Average
- Traveling Without Plans: Slightly above average
- Cluster 5: High Sensation Seekers
- Alcohol and Smoking Index: Above average (0.6)
- Self-Control: Below average (-0.6)
- Explanation: High Sensation Seekers exhibit the highest levels of alcohol and smoking behaviors and the lowest levels of self-control
Intelligence
- Origin of the concept of intelligence: Plato and Aristotle
- Term invention: Cicero
- Use of tests to assess intelligence and the application of statistics: Sir Francis Galton
- Intelligence test:
- Binet: student’s abilities (need for special assistance)
- Binet & Simon: attention, memory, problem-solving (it’s not possible to measure it with numbers)
- Therman: standardized version of Binet-Simon scale
- Yerkes: Army Alpha (written) and Beta Tests (picture) for determining the role in the army
- Wechsler: different mental abilities
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
- Standard measure of an individual’s intelligence level based on psychological tests
- Dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100 to produce a ratio
- Scoring:
- 40 - 54: Moderately impaired or delayed
- 55 - 69: Mildly impaired or delayed
- 70 - 79: Borderline impaired or delayed
- 80 - 89: Low average intelligence
- 90 - 109: Average
- 110 - 119: High average
- 120 - 129: Superior
- 130 - 144: Gifted or very advanced
- 145 - 160: Exceptionally gifted or highly advanced
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of strong inhibition in managing prohibitions and refraining from specific actions, and its relation to overcoming or containing already encoded responses.
