Cognitive Psychology: Inhibition and Response

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of temperament according to the lecture?

It is highly influenced by social learning

It is primarily environmentally determined

It applies to the formal characteristics of behavior (correct)

It is a temporary state of being

What is the primary role of behavioral activation in reactions related to temperamental traits?

It is only relevant in adults

It plays a major role (correct)

It plays a minor role

It has no impact

What are the two categories in which formal features of behavior can be described?

Energetic and spatial

Emotional and social

Energetic and temporal (correct)

Cognitive and motor

What is the name of the theory that describes the structure of temperament as independent traits?

Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT) Signup and view all the answers

What is an assumption of the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT)?

The functional significance of temperament is observable especially under extreme demands Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of individual differences in temperament?

They are common Signup and view all the answers

What regulates the level of activation in terms of temperament?

Biochemical and physiological processes Signup and view all the answers

What is a correlation found between factors in empirical data?

0.3 - 0.5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend of PCRQ (Parent-Child Relationship Quality) in relation to W1 Sensation Seeking and W2 Risk Taking?

Strong positive slope Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster is characterized by a lack of engagement in sensation-seeking activities and a preference for routine and predictability?

Cluster 1: Low Sensation Seekers Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster scores high on 'Impatient at Home' and 'Wild Parties' but low on 'Doing Frightening Things' and 'Bungee Jumping or Rafting'?

Cluster 2: Home-disliking Party Fans Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Adventurers in terms of traveling?

They prefer to travel without plans Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster scores high on 'Discovering New Places' and 'Bungee Jumping or Rafting'?

Cluster 3: Adventurers Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Thrill Seekers in terms of their friends?

They have slightly above average unpredictable friends Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster is characterized by a high score on 'Excitement with Breaking Rules'?

Cluster 2: Home-disliking Party Fans Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Low Sensation Seekers in terms of their behavior?

They have generally low scores across all measured behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the average level of self-control exhibited by High Sensation Seekers?

Below average (-0.6) Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the origin of the concept of intelligence?

Plato Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Binet-Simon scale?

To identify students requiring special assistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the computation method for calculating an individual's IQ?

Dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100 Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of scores for individuals with exceptionally gifted or highly advanced intelligence?

145-160 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the debate surrounding the idea that intelligence is biologically inherited and varies according to skin color?

Jenseism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Army Alpha and Beta Tests?

To determine the role in the army Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of intelligence?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following personality types is characterized by a need for constant stimulation and risk-taking?

Type T Personality Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for individuals with a Type A Personality?

Starting to use alcohol, tobacco, or drugs between ages 10 and 15 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a dimension of impulsivity that is higher in drug users?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to the studies, which group exhibits the highest level of sensation seeking?

Drug users Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of individuals with a Type T Personality?

They find excitement in different creative activities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a dimension of sensation seeking that is higher in drug users?

Disinhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is a key finding regarding impulsivity in drug users?

Drug users exhibit higher levels of impulsivity compared to controls and siblings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of strong inhibition in behavior management?

To manage prohibitions and refrain from specific actions Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a response that is already encoded, but is overcome or contained?

Conditioned inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to produce conditioned inhibition reactions?

Functional capacity Signup and view all the answers

What type of situation often requires strong inhibition?

Situations where an individual deals with prohibitions and refraining from certain activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of overcoming or containing a response that is already encoded?

Conditioned inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between strong inhibition and conditioned inhibition?

Strong inhibition is necessary for conditioned inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of differentiation in the context of inhibition?

To distinguish between similar stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of the nervous system to manage prohibitions and refrain from specific actions?

Strong inhibition Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Strong Inhibition

Necessary for managing prohibitions and refraining from specific actions
Observed when a response that is already encoded is overcome or contained
Secondary property of the nervous system in terms of conditioned, learned inhibition
Ability to produce conditioned inhibition reactions (extinction, differentiation, delay)
Manifests itself in situations where an individual deals with prohibitions and refraining from certain activities

Temperament

Set of basic, primarily biologically determined and relatively stable personality traits
Applies to the formal characteristics of behavior
Includes energetic and temporal domains of behavior
Assumptions:
- No hypotheses about any specific neurophysiological mechanism responsible for traits manifestation
- Behavioral activation plays a major role in reactions related to temperamental traits
- Functional significance of temperament can be most clearly demonstrated when individuals are confronted with stressful situations or excessive environmental demands
- Level of activation is regulated by biochemical and physiological processes which determine each person’s “neurochemical identity”
Temperament refers to the formal characteristics of behavior
“Temperament is an expression of energy level and temporal features of behavior”

Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT)

Author: Sterlau
Functional significance of temperament characteristics is observable especially under extreme demands
Structure of temperament is described by independent traits:
- Sensory sensitivity
- Emotional reactivity
- Endurance
- Activity
- Briskness
- Perseverance

Postulates

Temperament manifests itself in formal characteristics of behavior
Formal features of behavior can be described in terms of energetic and temporal categories
There are relatively stable individual differences in terms of formal characteristics of behavior
Individual differences in temperament are common

Disinhibition and Sensation Seeking

Disinhibition: focused on social activities
Boredom susceptibility: tolerance for any kind of repetitive experience, including routine work and boring people
Sensation seeking ≠ recklessness
Impulsivity & sensation seeking:
- Impulsive sensation seeking
- Impulsivity as a substrate of neuroticism
- “Excitement seeking” as a substrate of extraversion

Type T Personality (Farley)

Individuals who seem to need a life of constant stimulation and risk-taking
Invariably high-energy people
Find excitement in different creative activities (e.g. mental exercise)

Type A Personality (Farley)

Potentially doubly dangerous—to themselves and to others individuals
Looking for added excitement and risk
Inclined to seek new thrills
With a great risk of starting to use alcohol, tobacco, or drugs between ages 10 and 15

Studies

Impulsivity:
- Overall: Drug users exhibit the highest impulsivity
- Specific Dimensions: Attention, Motor, and Non-Planning impulsivity are higher in drug users
Sensation Seeking:
- Overall: Drug users also exhibit the highest sensation seeking
- Specific Dimensions: Significant differences in disinhibition suggest that drug users are more prone to disinhibited behavior

Cluster Analysis

Cluster 1: Low Sensation Seekers
- Behaviors: Generally low scores across all measured behaviors
- Explanation: This group is characterized by a lack of engagement in sensation-seeking activities, indicating a preference for routine and predictability
Cluster 2: Home-disliking Party Fans
- Discovering New Places: Slightly above average
- Traveling Without Plans: Slightly above average
- Impatient at Home: High score
- Unpredictable Friends: Above average
- Wild Parties: High score
- Explanation: This group dislikes staying at home and enjoys social activities and parties but does not engage much in high-risk activities like bungee jumping
Cluster 3: Adventurers
- Discovering New Places: Above average
- Traveling Without Plans: High score
- Impatient at Home: Average
- Unpredictable Friends: Slightly above average
- Wild Parties: Slightly above average
- Explanation: Adventurers are characterized by a strong preference for discovering new places and spontaneous travel, with a tendency to engage in thrilling activities
Cluster 4: Thrill Seekers
- Discovering New Places: Average
- Traveling Without Plans: Slightly above average
Cluster 5: High Sensation Seekers
- Alcohol and Smoking Index: Above average (0.6)
- Self-Control: Below average (-0.6)
- Explanation: High Sensation Seekers exhibit the highest levels of alcohol and smoking behaviors and the lowest levels of self-control

Intelligence

Origin of the concept of intelligence: Plato and Aristotle
Term invention: Cicero
Use of tests to assess intelligence and the application of statistics: Sir Francis Galton
Intelligence test:
- Binet: student’s abilities (need for special assistance)
- Binet & Simon: attention, memory, problem-solving (it’s not possible to measure it with numbers)
- Therman: standardized version of Binet-Simon scale
- Yerkes: Army Alpha (written) and Beta Tests (picture) for determining the role in the army
- Wechsler: different mental abilities

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Standard measure of an individual’s intelligence level based on psychological tests
Dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100 to produce a ratio
Scoring:
- 40 - 54: Moderately impaired or delayed
- 55 - 69: Mildly impaired or delayed
- 70 - 79: Borderline impaired or delayed
- 80 - 89: Low average intelligence
- 90 - 109: Average
- 110 - 119: High average
- 120 - 129: Superior
- 130 - 144: Gifted or very advanced
- 145 - 160: Exceptionally gifted or highly advanced

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Description

This quiz explores the concept of strong inhibition in managing prohibitions and refraining from specific actions, and its relation to overcoming or containing already encoded responses.