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Questions and Answers
What effect do expected stop signals have on go reaction times (RT)?
What effect do expected stop signals have on go reaction times (RT)?
How did participants in Rieger and Gauggel's (1999) study respond to stop signals?
How did participants in Rieger and Gauggel's (1999) study respond to stop signals?
What percentage of trials included stop signals in Verbruggen et al.'s (2006) study?
What percentage of trials included stop signals in Verbruggen et al.'s (2006) study?
What was the main task identified in Rieger and Gauggel's (1999) study?
What was the main task identified in Rieger and Gauggel's (1999) study?
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What method was used to adjust the Stop Signal Delay (SSD) in Verbruggen et al.'s research?
What method was used to adjust the Stop Signal Delay (SSD) in Verbruggen et al.'s research?
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What does inhibitory control primarily involve?
What does inhibitory control primarily involve?
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In the stop signal procedure, what occurs most frequently?
In the stop signal procedure, what occurs most frequently?
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How does an increase in stop signal delay (SSD) affect stopping success?
How does an increase in stop signal delay (SSD) affect stopping success?
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What is one method to increase the success rate of stopping in the stop signal procedure?
What is one method to increase the success rate of stopping in the stop signal procedure?
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What does the probability of responding to a stop signal indicate?
What does the probability of responding to a stop signal indicate?
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Study Notes
Inhibitory Control
- Inhibitory control involves suppressing thoughts or actions that are no longer needed or inappropriate.
- It is essential for adaptive behavior.
- Examples include stopping a car at a red light or avoiding a busy intersection.
Response Inhibition
- Response inhibition is the deliberate stopping of a motor response.
- It often involves interrupting an ongoing action or activity.
- Real-world examples include stopping a response when instructed or refraining from crossing a busy intersection.
- In a lab setting, this could involve pressing a response key.
Stop Signal Procedure
- This procedure studies response inhibition in a lab setting.
- Subjects complete a primary task (a "go task"), and respond to stimuli.
- On some trials, a stop signal is given (e.g., a tone), which indicates the subject should withhold their response.
- Stop signal delay (SSD) is the interval between the go stimulus and the stop signal.
- Stop signals occur randomly, on a minority of trials (e.g., 25%).
Stop Signal Procedure Measures
- Go Reaction Time (go RT): Time it takes to respond to a go stimulus.
- Probability of stopping, p(inhibit | signal): Proportion of stop signal trials where a response was successfully inhibited.
- Probability of responding, p(respond | signal): Proportion of stop signal trials where there was failure to inhibit a response.
Balancing Going and Stopping
- Success in the stop-signal procedure involves balancing competing task demands.
- Increased speed in going actions make stopping harder; proactive and reactive adjustments are used to balance.
- Increased speed in going actions needs to be balanced with the ability to stop when necessary.
Proactive Adjustments
- Adjusting a go response to increase stopping success.
- Prolonging go RT when SSD increases.
- This method is shown when two lights are used with different reaction times, in response to a stop signal, or no signal.
Reactive Adjustments
- Adjusting the go response based on previous stopping performance.
- The go reaction time increases after a stop signal, whether successful or not.
- Adjusting the reaction time based on prior trials/results.
Independent Race Model
- A model used to estimate SSRT (Stop Signal Reaction Time).
- Assumes a race between a "go" process and a "stop" process.
- The process that finishes first determines the behavior.
Inhibitory Control Development
- Inhibitory control develops across the lifespan.
- Studies have shown a relationship between age and SSRT with reaction times improving up to a certain age, before changing little in adulthood.
- Suggesting separate development and decline in going and stopping respectively.
Inhibitory Control Deficits
- Deficits in inhibitory control are associated with various disorders.
- One prominent example is ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder).
- Individuals with ADHD often experience difficulties with sustained attention and maintaining responses.
- Studies have shown poorer stopping reaction times for children diagnosed with ADHD, compared to healthy controls.
Summary of Inhibitory Control
- The stop-signal procedure is a key method to test inhibitory control.
- Proactive and reactive adjustments enable a balance between "going" and "stopping" actions.
- Independent race models provide a framework for measuring SSRT (Stop Signal Response Time).
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of inhibitory control and response inhibition, essential for adaptive behavior. By examining real-world and lab examples, participants will deepen their understanding of how inhibitory mechanisms operate in various contexts. Test your knowledge about how these processes affect decision-making and action suppression.
