Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is inattentional blindness?
What is inattentional blindness?
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. The stimulus is not attended to or perceived at all. It conforms to predictions made by load theory.
What is change detection?
What is change detection?
Cognitive tests where participants are shown multiple images and asked to report any changes they notice across the images.
What is change blindness?
What is change blindness?
Failing to notice changes in the environment, often occurring in changes that seem obvious such as discontinuities in film and television.
What is binding?
What is binding?
Describe Feature integration theory (FIT).
Describe Feature integration theory (FIT).
What is an illusory conjunction?
What is an illusory conjunction?
What is memory?
What is memory?
Describe the Modal model of memory.
Describe the Modal model of memory.
What are control processes?
What are control processes?
What is sensory memory?
What is sensory memory?
What is iconic memory?
What is iconic memory?
How does the Sperling paradigm measure iconic memory?
How does the Sperling paradigm measure iconic memory?
How did Peterson and Peterson measure the duration of short term memory?
How did Peterson and Peterson measure the duration of short term memory?
What is a digit span test?
What is a digit span test?
What is a change detection paradigm?
What is a change detection paradigm?
How does chunking based on previous memory work?
How does chunking based on previous memory work?
What is the complexity of stimulus in short-term encoding?
What is the complexity of stimulus in short-term encoding?
What is working memory?
What is working memory?
What is Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model?
What is Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model?
What are the components of Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model?
What are the components of Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model?
What is signal detection theory?
What is signal detection theory?
What is the phonological loop?
What is the phonological loop?
Describe the two components of the phonological loop.
Describe the two components of the phonological loop.
What are phonological similarity effects?
What are phonological similarity effects?
What are word length effects?
What are word length effects?
What is the visuospatial sketch pad?
What is the visuospatial sketch pad?
What is a mental rotation task, and what does it demonstrate?
What is a mental rotation task, and what does it demonstrate?
What is the central executive?
What is the central executive?
What are the issues with the central executive?
What are the issues with the central executive?
What is the episodic buffer?
What is the episodic buffer?
What is the prefrontal cortex's role in memory?
What is the prefrontal cortex's role in memory?
What is long-term memory?
What is long-term memory?
What is a serial position curve?
What is a serial position curve?
What is coding in memory?
What is coding in memory?
Describe visual coding in memory.
Describe visual coding in memory.
Describe auditory coding in memory.
Describe auditory coding in memory.
Describe semantic coding in memory.
Describe semantic coding in memory.
What is proactive interference?
What is proactive interference?
What did Wickens' experiment demonstrate?
What did Wickens' experiment demonstrate?
How does the neuropsychological approach contribute to our understanding of long-term memory?
How does the neuropsychological approach contribute to our understanding of long-term memory?
What are the categories of LTM?
What are the categories of LTM?
What are some distinctions between episodic and semantic memory?
What are some distinctions between episodic and semantic memory?
How does episodic and semantic memory work together?
How does episodic and semantic memory work together?
What is the remember/know procedure of encoding?
What is the remember/know procedure of encoding?
What are implicit memories?
What are implicit memories?
What is expert induced amnesia?
What is expert induced amnesia?
What is the mere exposure effect?
What is the mere exposure effect?
What is classical conditioning?
What is classical conditioning?
What are control processes in memory?
What are control processes in memory?
What are the levels of processing, according to Craik and Lockhart?
What are the levels of processing, according to Craik and Lockhart?
What is circular reasoning in terms of levels of processing?
What is circular reasoning in terms of levels of processing?
What are some beneficial factors for encoding?
What are some beneficial factors for encoding?
What is the testing effect?
What is the testing effect?
Describe the difference between cued recall and free recall.
Describe the difference between cued recall and free recall.
What is encoding specificity?
What is encoding specificity?
What is state-dependent learning?
What is state-dependent learning?
What is transfer-appropriate processing?
What is transfer-appropriate processing?
What is consolidation?
What is consolidation?
What is amnesia?
What is amnesia?
What is the multiple trace model of consolidation?
What is the multiple trace model of consolidation?
What is the reminiscence bump?
What is the reminiscence bump?
What are flashbulb memories?
What are flashbulb memories?
What is the narrative rehearsal hypothesis?
What is the narrative rehearsal hypothesis?
What is source monitoring?
What is source monitoring?
What is pragmatic inference?
What is pragmatic inference?
What is a schema?
What is a schema?
What is the misinformation effect?
What is the misinformation effect?
What is eyewitness testimony, and how does it sometimes lead to errors?
What is eyewitness testimony, and how does it sometimes lead to errors?
What is implanting false memories?
What is implanting false memories?
How do memories get reinterpreted?
How do memories get reinterpreted?
Describe the concepts of conceptual knowledge, concepts, and categories.
Describe the concepts of conceptual knowledge, concepts, and categories.
How do categories help us?
How do categories help us?
Flashcards
Inattentional blindness
Inattentional blindness
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. The stimulus is not attended to or perceived at all.
Change detection
Change detection
Cognitive tests where participants are shown multiple images and are asked to report changes they noticed across the images.
Change blindness
Change blindness
Failing to notice changes in the environment. Most often occurs in changes that seem obvious.
Binding
Binding
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Feature integration theory (FIT)
Feature integration theory (FIT)
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Illusory conjunctions
Illusory conjunctions
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Memory
Memory
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Modal model of memory
Modal model of memory
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Control processes
Control processes
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Sensory memory
Sensory memory
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Measuring iconic memory
Measuring iconic memory
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Measuring short term memory
Measuring short term memory
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Decay
Decay
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Digit span test
Digit span test
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Change detection paradigm
Change detection paradigm
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Chunking
Chunking
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Complexity of stimulus in short term encoding
Complexity of stimulus in short term encoding
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Working memory
Working memory
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Baddeley and Hitch working memory model
Baddeley and Hitch working memory model
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Components of Baddeley and Hitch model
Components of Baddeley and Hitch model
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Signal detection theory
Signal detection theory
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Phonological loop
Phonological loop
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Phonological similarity effects
Phonological similarity effects
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Word length effects
Word length effects
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Visuospatial sketchpad
Visuospatial sketchpad
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Mental rotation task
Mental rotation task
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The central executive
The central executive
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Issues with the central executive
Issues with the central executive
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Episodic buffer
Episodic buffer
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Prefrontal cortex
Prefrontal cortex
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Long term memory
Long term memory
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Serial position curve
Serial position curve
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Coding
Coding
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Auditory coding
Auditory coding
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Proactive interference
Proactive interference
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Retroactive interference
Retroactive interference
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Neuropsychological approach
Neuropsychological approach
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Explicit memory
Explicit memory
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Episodic memory
Episodic memory
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Study Notes
Inattentional Blindness
- Failing to perceive a stimulus when attention is elsewhere
- Consistent with load theory
Change Detection
- Cognitive tests involving multiple images
- Participants report changes noticed
Change Blindness
- Failing to notice significant changes in an environment
- Common in subtle changes (e.g., film/TV edits)
Binding
- Combining features (color, form, motion, location) into a coherent object
Feature Integration Theory (FIT)
- Two-stage model of scene perception:
- Preattentive stage: automatic feature extraction
- Focused attention stage: combines features to form coherent objects
- Binding errors can occur in the focused attention stage (mis-combining features)
- Illusory conjunctions: result of feature combination errors
Memory
- Retention, retrieval and use of information about stimuli, events, ideas, and skills after original input is removed
- Relies on prior experience for future thought and action
- Can have conscious or unconscious elements depending on stimulus, significance, and awareness
Modal Model of Memory
- Atkinson and Shiffrin's model:
- Sensory memory: initial stage (brief retention)
- Short-term memory: holds 5-7 items (20 seconds)
- Long-term memory: permanent storage (large capacity)
Control Processes
- Active processes supporting encoding; intentional and effortful
- Maintenance rehearsal: simple repetition (minimal memory benefit)
- Elaborative rehearsal: linking to existing knowledge (optimal retention)
Sensory Memory
- Brief retention of sensory input
- Iconic memory: visual sensory memory (e.g., persistence of vision from sparkler trails)
- Echoic memory: auditory sensory memory (e.g., repeating someone's statement)
Measuring Iconic Memory
- Sperling's experiment:
- Full report: attempt to recall all items
- Partial report: recall specific row based on tone
- Partial report showed iconic memory capacity, with recall decreasing with delay
Measuring Short-Term Memory
- Peterson and Peterson's study:
- Participants read three letters and a number
- Counting backwards by threes (manipulated delay)
- Recall accuracy decreased with delay, indicating limited STM duration
Decay
- Loss of information from memory trace over time due to passage of competing stimuli
- Possible mechanisms involve synaptic cessation or reduced neurotransmitter activity
Digit Span Test
- Measuring STM capacity by presenting numbers and asking for recall
- Average capacity is about 7 +/- 2 items
Change Detection Paradigm
- Measuring STM capacity for shapes
- Participants detect changes in images of shapes
Chunking
- Combining individual items into larger, meaningful units for better encoding
Complexity of Stimulus in Short-Term Encoding
- Ongoing debate:
- Fixed vs. variable capacity
- Complexity of stimuli affecting encoding
Working Memory (WM)
- Newer model of STM: activating and manipulating information across time
- Buffer/place holder for manipulation without committing to LTM
- Individual differences related to cognitive tasks, motivation, and emotion
Baddeley and Hitch Working Memory Model
- Basis of WM model, emphasizing mental operations with conscious awareness independent of LTM
- Dual task performance maintains efficiency when tasks use different cognitive resources
Components of Baddeley and Hitch Model
- Phonological loop: verbal/auditory processing
- Visuospatial sketchpad: visual/spatial processing
- Central executive: controls information flow and attention
Signal Detection Theory
- Measuring ability to distinguish info-bearing patterns from random patterns (e.g., n-back experiments)
Phonological Loop
- Verbal/auditory component of WM
- Phonological store: limited capacity, short-term retention
- Articulatory rehearsal process: verbal repetition, avoiding decay
Phonological Similarity Effects
- Recall of similar-sounding words is worse than dissimilar words (implies phonological encoding)
Word Length Effects
- Recall of short words is better due to shorter rehearsal time
Visuospatial Sketchpad
- Visual/spatial component of WM
- Includes visual imagery (e.g., mental image creation)
Mental Rotation Task
- Visuospatial sketchpad evidence:
- Participants judge shape congruence at various angles
- Larger angle differences cause longer reaction times
Central Executive
- Attention control component of WM
- Controls information flow
- Directs and switches focus, suppresses irrelevant info
Issues with Central Executive
- Perseveration: repetitive actions/thought despite goal ineffectiveness
- Black box nature: lack of comprehensive explanation/testing
Episodic Buffer
- Third component of WM to accommodate information larger than STM capacity (e.g., remembering a 20-minute story)
- Temporary storage for info retrieved from other WM components
Prefrontal Cortex
- Important for WM, processing visual/auditory information
- Monkeys without PFC have trouble with WM delay response tasks
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Permanent storage of past events and knowledge
- Recent memories are more detailed than distant memories
Serial Position Curve
- Murdoch's study distinguishing STM/LTM (graph)
- Primacy effect: better memory for early items (rehearsal)
- Recency effect: better memory for late items (STM activation)
Coding (Memory)
- Visual, auditory, and semantic forms of information representation in both STM and LTM
Visual Coding
- STM: remembering a visual pattern
- LTM: remembering a visual image
Auditory Coding
- STM: remembering sounds of words shortly after hearing them
- LTM: remembering songs
Semantic Coding
- STM: associating words with meanings
- LTM: remembering details about something significant
Proactive Interference
- Old information interferes with learning new information (e.g., French interfering with Spanish)
Retroactive Interference
- New learning interferes with remembering old information (e.g., new phone number interfering with old one)
Wickens Experiment
- Investigates proactive interference related to word meaning, specifically release from PI
Neuropsychological Approach
- Hippocampus's role in LTM encoding; double dissociation between STM and LTM
- Damage to one component does not entirely impair the other
Categories of LTM
- Explicit: conscious memories (episodic and semantic)
- Implicit: unconscious memories (Procedural, priming, conditioning)
Episodic Memory
- Personal experiences, includes mental time travel (e.g., reliving events)
- Multidimensional: sensory, emotional, contextual details
Semantic Memory
- General knowledge, facts, intuition; avoids mental time travel
Distinctions in Explicit Memory
- Episodic details fade, leaving only semantic knowledge
- Episodic information can enrich semantic knowledge
Explicit Memory Interactions
- Autobiographical memory: combines episodic and semantic details
- Personal semantic memory: semantic with personal significance
Remember/Know Procedure
- Remember response: familiarity + event circumstances
- Know response: familiarity without event recall
Implicit Memories
- Procedural memory: skill memory, action knowledge
- Priming: prior exposure affecting subsequent responses (unconscious learning)
- Conditioning: learned response from repeated exposure
Expert-Induced Amnesia
- Skill expertise can lead to automatic performance with little memory of how it occurred
Mere Exposure Effect
- Repeated exposure increases liking of novel stimuli
- Propaganda effect: familiarity linked to perceived truth
Classical Conditioning
- Procedural memory mediated behavior
- Conditioned responses can affect behavior without conscious awareness
Control Processes (STM/WM)
- Maintenance rehearsal: repetition of stimuli
- Elaborative rehearsal: linking stimuli to existing knowledge
Levels of Processing (LOP)
- Shallow processing (physical features): poor memory
- Deep processing (meaning): better memory
Circular Reasoning (LOP)
- Explaining memory performance based on levels of processing is problematic
Beneficial Factors to Encoding
- Self-reference, visual imagery, generating information, organization, survival value, retrieval practice
Testing Effect
- Learning through self-testing is more effective than rereading
Cued Recall/Free Recall
- Cued recall: cues aiding recall (better than free recall)
- Free recall: recalling information without cues
Encoding Specificity
- Better memory when retrieval context matches encoding context
State-Dependent Learning
- Better memory if internal state (e.g., mood) is the same at encoding and retrieval
Transfer-Appropriate Processing
- Memory transfer is better when encoding and retrieval contexts match
Consolidation
- Transforming new memories from fragile to permanent form
- Synaptic consolidation (neural) and systems consolidation (reorganization of circuits)
Amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia: memory loss before trauma
- Anterograde amnesia: memory loss after trauma
Multiple Trace Model
- Hippocampus remains involved in retrieving distant memories
- Suggests hippocampal role also in episodic retrieval
Reminiscence Bump
- Peak in memory for events in adolescence and early adulthood
Flashbulb Memories
- Vivid memories surrounding important events
- Can be inaccurate, lack detail, inflated confidence
Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis
- Repeated experience of the event creates false confidence in its memory
Source Monitoring
- Source memory: identifying memory origins
- Source monitoring error: misattribution of memory source
Pragmatic Interference
- Memory based on implicit and related knowledge, not explicitly given
Schema
- Knowledge structure about aspects of environment (e.g., bird- feathers, wings)
Script
- Understanding sequences of actions in a given situation (e.g., restaurant experience)
Misinformation Effect
- Incorporating misleading information into memory of an event
- Loftus and Palmer study: wording impacts speed estimates of car crashes
Eyewitness Testimony
- Can be convincing but prone to errors
- Attentional/arousal narrowing and familiarity errors involved
Implanting False Memories
- False suggestions can result in vivid, detailed memories
Reinterpreting Memories
- Strategies for disrupting memory consolidation to help reinterpret traumas
Knowledge Concepts and Categories
- Conceptual knowledge: understanding objects/events
- Concepts: mental representations for understanding
- Categories: grouping examples of concepts
Categories (General)
- Serve as pointers for dealing with new information
Definitional Approach
- Classifying objects based on definitions , inflexible
Family Resemblance
- Shared features, not all features present in each category member
Prototype Approach
- Concepts represented by typical instances
- Characteristic features
Typicality Effect
- Faster judgments for highly prototypical category members
Exemplar Approach
- Concepts represented by multiple examples, not a single prototype
Hierarchical Organization
- Organizing concepts in a hierarchy (superordinate, basic, subordinate)
Inheritance
- Lower-level concepts inherit properties from higher-level concepts (cognitive economy)
Multiple Factors Hypothesis
- Categorization along various dimensions (e.g., motion and color in animal identification)
Semantic Categories Hypothesis
- Specific brain circuits for processing objects in certain categories
Embodiment Hypothesis
- Concepts based on sensory and motor experience related to objects
Imagery
- Mental experience of sensory input without physical stimulation
- Visual imagery is a form
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of inattentional blindness, change detection, and feature integration theory. This quiz delves into how attention affects perception and memory, examining binding errors and illusory conjunctions in cognitive processes.