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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the relationship between fluid and crystallized intelligence within Carroll's Three-Stratum Model?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between fluid and crystallized intelligence within Carroll's Three-Stratum Model?
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How did Ada Lovelace contribute to the field of computer science?
How did Ada Lovelace contribute to the field of computer science?
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Which of the following is NOT explicitly identified as a component of intelligence?
Which of the following is NOT explicitly identified as a component of intelligence?
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Which level of Carroll's Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence represents general intelligence?
Which level of Carroll's Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence represents general intelligence?
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What distinguishes fluid intelligence from crystallized intelligence, according to Cattell's theory?
What distinguishes fluid intelligence from crystallized intelligence, according to Cattell's theory?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of modularity of mind as proposed by Jerry Fodor?
Which of the following best describes the concept of modularity of mind as proposed by Jerry Fodor?
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Karl Spencer Lashley's research led to the formulation of two key principles regarding brain function. Which of the following statements accurately describes the principle of mass action?
Karl Spencer Lashley's research led to the formulation of two key principles regarding brain function. Which of the following statements accurately describes the principle of mass action?
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How did developments in fields such as psychobiology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence contribute to the emergence of cognitive psychology in the early 1960s?
How did developments in fields such as psychobiology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence contribute to the emergence of cognitive psychology in the early 1960s?
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Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the principle of equipotentiality, as described in the context of sensory systems?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the principle of equipotentiality, as described in the context of sensory systems?
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What was Karl Spencer Lashley's primary goal in studying the brain?
What was Karl Spencer Lashley's primary goal in studying the brain?
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Which scenario best exemplifies the focus of study in cognitive psychology?
Which scenario best exemplifies the focus of study in cognitive psychology?
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In the context of the dialectical process, which statement accurately describes the role of a synthesis?
In the context of the dialectical process, which statement accurately describes the role of a synthesis?
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How do rationalism and empiricism differ in their approaches to acquiring knowledge?
How do rationalism and empiricism differ in their approaches to acquiring knowledge?
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If a researcher is interested in understanding how a person's prior experiences influence their current problem-solving strategies, which philosophical tradition would their approach align with most closely?
If a researcher is interested in understanding how a person's prior experiences influence their current problem-solving strategies, which philosophical tradition would their approach align with most closely?
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Which concept, proposed by a rationalist philosopher, posits a separation between the physical body and the non-physical mind?
Which concept, proposed by a rationalist philosopher, posits a separation between the physical body and the non-physical mind?
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A scientist observes that students who spend more time studying generally achieve higher grades. Which approach is the scientist using?
A scientist observes that students who spend more time studying generally achieve higher grades. Which approach is the scientist using?
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A researcher aims to understand the underlying mental processes involved in decision-making. They design an experiment where participants are asked to think aloud while solving complex problems. Which approach is the researcher using?
A researcher aims to understand the underlying mental processes involved in decision-making. They design an experiment where participants are asked to think aloud while solving complex problems. Which approach is the researcher using?
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How would you classify someone that believes knowledge is best acquired through logical reasoning?
How would you classify someone that believes knowledge is best acquired through logical reasoning?
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Which philosophical concept, popularized by John Locke, posits that the human mind begins as a blank slate?
Which philosophical concept, popularized by John Locke, posits that the human mind begins as a blank slate?
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According to Immanuel Kant, what defines the 'noumenal' world?
According to Immanuel Kant, what defines the 'noumenal' world?
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Which of the following characteristics is LEAST essential for establishing psychology as a science?
Which of the following characteristics is LEAST essential for establishing psychology as a science?
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How did structuralists approach the study of the human mind?
How did structuralists approach the study of the human mind?
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Imagine a person is shown a complex abstract painting. How would a structuralist analyze their perception of the painting?
Imagine a person is shown a complex abstract painting. How would a structuralist analyze their perception of the painting?
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What central question did functionalism aim to answer regarding the human mind?
What central question did functionalism aim to answer regarding the human mind?
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According to the philosophy of pragmatism, how is the 'truth' of an idea primarily determined?
According to the philosophy of pragmatism, how is the 'truth' of an idea primarily determined?
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Which individual is recognized for establishing the first psychology laboratory in America and is associated with the philosophy of pragmatism?
Which individual is recognized for establishing the first psychology laboratory in America and is associated with the philosophy of pragmatism?
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According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which scenario primarily demonstrates spatial intelligence?
According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which scenario primarily demonstrates spatial intelligence?
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Which of the following activities would predominantly utilize bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, based on Gardner's framework?
Which of the following activities would predominantly utilize bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, based on Gardner's framework?
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In what situation would interpersonal intelligence be most crucial, according to Gardner's theory?
In what situation would interpersonal intelligence be most crucial, according to Gardner's theory?
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How does Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences differ from a unitary view of intelligence?
How does Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences differ from a unitary view of intelligence?
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According to Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which type of intelligence is primarily involved when a student applies a learned concept to solve a real-world problem?
According to Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which type of intelligence is primarily involved when a student applies a learned concept to solve a real-world problem?
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Using Sternberg's Triarchic Theory, what kind of intelligence is being used when evaluating the quality of an argument?
Using Sternberg's Triarchic Theory, what kind of intelligence is being used when evaluating the quality of an argument?
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Which task exemplifies the use of naturalist intelligence as proposed by Gardner?
Which task exemplifies the use of naturalist intelligence as proposed by Gardner?
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Which scenario best demonstrates intrapersonal intelligence according to Gardner's theory?
Which scenario best demonstrates intrapersonal intelligence according to Gardner's theory?
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Which of the following best describes Thorndike's Law of Effect?
Which of the following best describes Thorndike's Law of Effect?
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Ebbinghaus's work with the forgetting curve demonstrates that:
Ebbinghaus's work with the forgetting curve demonstrates that:
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How does Gestalt psychology differ from structuralism?
How does Gestalt psychology differ from structuralism?
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What was a key factor that contributed to the emergence of cognitive psychology in the 1950s?
What was a key factor that contributed to the emergence of cognitive psychology in the 1950s?
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Which of the following is a core belief of behaviorism?
Which of the following is a core belief of behaviorism?
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What is the significance of the Turing Test in the context of cognitive psychology?
What is the significance of the Turing Test in the context of cognitive psychology?
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According to the principles of radical behaviorism, as advocated by B.F. Skinner, what primarily shapes human behavior?
According to the principles of radical behaviorism, as advocated by B.F. Skinner, what primarily shapes human behavior?
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How does associationism relate to the schools of structuralism and functionalism?
How does associationism relate to the schools of structuralism and functionalism?
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Flashcards
Alan Turing
Alan Turing
Founder of computer science and mathematician, known for breaking the German Enigma code during WWII and being openly gay in the 1950s.
Ada Lovelace
Ada Lovelace
Daughter of poet Byron, recognized as the first computer programmer for writing an algorithm for calculating Bernoulli numbers.
Intelligence
Intelligence
The capacity to learn from experience, adapt to the environment, and use metacognitive processes.
Three-Stratum Model
Three-Stratum Model
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Fluid vs. Crystallized Ability
Fluid vs. Crystallized Ability
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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Emergence of Cognitive Psychology
Emergence of Cognitive Psychology
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Modularity of Mind
Modularity of Mind
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Mass Action Principle
Mass Action Principle
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Equipotentiality
Equipotentiality
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Multiple Intelligences
Multiple Intelligences
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Linguistic Intelligence
Linguistic Intelligence
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Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
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Spatial Intelligence
Spatial Intelligence
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Musical Intelligence
Musical Intelligence
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Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
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Interpersonal Intelligence
Interpersonal Intelligence
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Intrapersonal Intelligence
Intrapersonal Intelligence
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John Locke
John Locke
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Tabula Rasa
Tabula Rasa
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant
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Noumenal World
Noumenal World
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Phenomenal World
Phenomenal World
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Structuralism
Structuralism
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Functionalism
Functionalism
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William James
William James
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Law of Effect
Law of Effect
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Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
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Behaviorism
Behaviorism
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Psychology
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Cognitivism
Cognitivism
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Turing Test
Turing Test
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Trial-and-Error Learning
Trial-and-Error Learning
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Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
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Perception
Perception
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Memory
Memory
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Decision Making
Decision Making
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Dialectical Process
Dialectical Process
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Rationalism
Rationalism
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Empiricism
Empiricism
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Thesis and Antithesis
Thesis and Antithesis
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Study Notes
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
- Cognitive psychology is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information.
- Cognitive psychologists might study how people perceive shapes, why they remember some facts but forget others, or how they learn language.
- Examples of topics studied are memory, problem-solving, decision-making, reasoning, and language.
Philosophical Antecedents
- Philosophy seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection (examining inner ideas and experiences).
- Physiology seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical (observation-based) methods.
- Rationalist approach believes knowledge is acquired through thinking and logical analysis.
- Empiricist approach believes knowledge is acquired via empirical evidence (experience and observation).
- Key figures in this area include Plato, Aristotle, René Descartes, John Locke, and Immanuel Kant.
Psychological Antecedents
- Structuralism focuses on the elementary contents (structures) of the human mind, attempting to break perceptions into constituent components (e.g., affection, attention, memory, sensation).
- Key figure: Wilhelm Wundt.
- Functionalism focuses on the processes of thought rather than its contents, understanding what people do and why.
- Focuses on how the mind works.
- Key figure: William James.
- Associationism explains how elements of the mind (events or ideas) associate with one another to form learning. It results from contiguity (things occurring together), similarity, and contrast (opposites).
- Key figures: Hermann Ebbinghaus and Edward Thorndike.
- Law of Effect posits that behaviors followed by pleasure are strengthened, while behaviors followed by annoyance or pain tend to be "stamped out."
- Gestalt Psychology: Holds that the whole is more than the sum of its parts; breaking a phenomenon into components may not fully reveal its meaning.
- Psychobiology examines the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures, exploring how brain structures contribute to cognitive behavior. Key figure: Karl Spencer Lashley (Mass action, equipotentiality).
Research Methods
- Controlled Experiments: Obtain samples of performance at a specific time and place. Manipulate independent variable ("cause") and measure dependent variable ("effect"). Control other variables to prevent confounds.
- Correlational Studies Examine relationships between variables, but cannot infer causation. Examine the nature of relationship (positive or negative correlation), and strength of relationship.
- Case Studies: In-depth investigations of individuals to draw general conclusions about behavior.
- Naturalistic Observation: Observe real-life situations (like classrooms, work settings, and homes).
- Self-Reports: Participants' reports of their cognitive processes (verbal protocols, diaries).
- Computer Simulations and Artificial Intelligence: Researchers develop computer programs to imitate human function or processes. Artificial intelligence attempts to make computers demonstrate intelligent cognitive performance.
Cognitive Models of Intelligence
- Carroll's Three-Stratum Model a hierarchical model of cognitive abilities, comprising three strata: General intelligence (g), broad abilities (Stratum II), and specific abilities (Stratum I). Common abilities like general sequential reasoning, language comprehension, and processing speed fall into Stratum II.
- Fluid Intelligence: Ability relating to speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning, especially for novel problems.
- Crystallized Intelligence: Ability determined by accumulated knowledge and vocabulary.
- Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences: Intelligence is composed of multiple independent constructs, not a single, unitary construct. Includes various intelligences such as verbal, logical, spatial, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic intelligences.
- Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence: Includes creative, analytical, and practical intelligence aspects.
Basic Ideas in Cognitive Psychology
- Empirical data and theories mutually support each other in cognitive psychology.
- Cognition is generally adaptive, but not always, in specific instances.
- Cognitive processes interact with each other and non-cognitive processes.
- Cognition is studied through various research methods.
- Basic research in cognitive psychology can lead to applications, while applied research might lead to basic understandings.
Key Themes in Cognitive Psychology
- Nature vs. Nurture: Discusses the influences of nature and environment in human cognition.
- Rationalism vs. Empiricism: Examines approaches to discovering truths about the self and the world.
- Structure vs. Process: Explains how structures and mental processes are explored in human cognition.
- Domain Generality vs. Specificity: Explores whether cognitive mechanisms apply to all domains or only specific areas.
- Validity of Causal Inferences vs. Ecological Validity: A critical examination of different methods in cognitive research.
- Applied vs. Basic Research: Understanding the dialectical relationship between basic and applied research.
- Biological vs. Behavioral Methods: Explains the interplay of biological and behavioral approaches when studying cognition.
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Description
Explore the basics of cognitive psychology, including its definition as the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think. Delve into philosophical roots such as rationalism and empiricism. Discover the key figures and their invaluable contributions.
