Cognitive Dissonance and Motivation
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Cognitive Dissonance and Motivation

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Questions and Answers

What is self-justification primarily used for?

  • To enforce rigid beliefs regardless of actions
  • To ignore external circumstances affecting behavior
  • To rationalize one’s actions and maintain a positive self-image (correct)
  • To change one’s values to fit their actions

    • How can a person who knows that smoking is harmful cope with cognitive dissonance?

  • By rationalizing their behavior through positive affirmations about longevity (correct)
  • By ignoring health warnings from authorities
  • By quitting smoking instantly
  • By considering smoking as a universal habit (correct)

    • What is an example of self-affirmation in the context of cognitive dissonance?

  • Acknowledging the importance of exercise while avoiding it
  • Rationalizing poor health choices by blaming busyness
  • Focusing on being good at hobbies despite unhealthy habits (correct)
  • Believing that healthy eating is overrated

    • According to self-discrepancy theory, what causes discomfort in individuals?

    <p>The gap between their actual self and their ideal self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior reflects changing beliefs to cope with cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Accepting unhealthy eating habits by claiming they are practical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reason might someone use to justify not exercising while valuing physical health?

    <p>Busy schedules make exercise unnecessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What rationalization might someone who eats meat use despite valuing animal welfare?

    <p>Eating meat is popular among peers and culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy could someone employ to manage negative feelings about their traffic behavior?

    <p>Focus on the urgency of their situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does external justification play in reducing cognitive dissonance?

    <p>It helps to resolve feelings of guilt associated with dishonesty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Boring Task Experiment, what was the primary difference between participants paid $1 and those paid $20?

    <p>$1 participants changed their internal beliefs, while $20 participants did not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might someone tell a white lie to a friend, such as complimenting their shirt they do not actually like?

    <p>To assist in reducing cognitive dissonance through external justification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key outcome did the participants in the Boring Task Experiment demonstrate?

    <p>A change in internal beliefs related to lying when given insufficient justification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do white lies align with the value of friendship, according to the content?

    <p>They can help maintain positive relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates a person to change their behavior when there is a discrepancy between their actual self and ideal self?

    <p>Discomfort due to the gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is NOT used to reduce cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Ignore the discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of changing one's thinking to reduce cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Justify smoking as a stress relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is associated with self-acclimation theory?

    <p>Focusing on positive aspects of oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'impact bias' in affective forecasting?

    <p>Overestimating future emotion intensity and duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is an example of self-affirmation?

    <p>Recognizing good behavior in other areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a smoker justifies smoking as a break, this reflects which cognitive process?

    <p>Self-affirmation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does discomfort about one's behavior influence self-image?

    <p>Encourages self-reflection and justification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognitive dissonance primarily described as?

    <p>The discomfort from contradictory beliefs or actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way to lessen cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Ignoring the discrepancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intrinsic motivation affect cognitive dissonance compared to extrinsic motivation?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation can lead to more cognitive dissonance when actions conflict with personal values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about cognitive dissonance is true?

    <p>It helps maintain a positive self-image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a way to change beliefs in order to reduce cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Changing one’s values to align with behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is specifically related to cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Self-discrepancy theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does self-justification play in the experience of cognitive dissonance?

    <p>It provides an explanation to mitigate feelings of discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the discomfort of cognitive dissonance is accurate?

    <p>It can be either motivating or debilitating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is impact bias?

    <p>Overestimating the intensity and duration of future emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does post-decision dissonance primarily involve?

    <p>Changing cognition to justify a decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spreading of alternatives?

    <p>Making the chosen option seem better while the rejected option seems worse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does effort justification relate to cognitive dissonance?

    <p>It leads to valuing outcomes more when effort has been invested.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the irrevocability hypothesis?

    <p>It involves justifying choices to reduce cognitive dissonance after a decision is made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the horse betting example, what change was observed in participant ratings?

    <p>Participants increased their ratings to justify their decision to bet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a result found regarding students who could not change their chosen photo?

    <p>They reported higher satisfaction compared to those who could change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive change occurs to alleviate dissonance after a choice is made?

    <p>Aligning internal thoughts with the chosen decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Dissonance

    • Feeling of discomfort when beliefs and actions are inconsistent
    • Motivating or debilitating depending on the level of discomfort
    • Influenced by basic attitudes (ABCs): Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive

    Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

    • Extrinsic motivation: External pressures to perform certain actions
    • Intrinsic motivation: Internal decisions influenced by personal values
    • Internal decisions create more cognitive dissonance when they don't align with behavior

    Cognitive Dissonance as a Discomfort Reducer

    • We try to reduce discomfort by justifying our behaviour based on external factors
    • We want to maintain a positive self-image, internally and externally
    • Four main ways to lessen cognitive dissonance:
      • Change behavior: Adjust actions to align with beliefs.
      • Change beliefs: Rationalize behavior to fit existing beliefs.
      • Add new cognitions: Justify behavior with new thoughts or beliefs.
      • Self-affirmation: Focus on positive qualities to minimize dissonance.

    Self-Justification

    • We want to feel good about ourselves and present a positive image to others
    • We often blame external factors to avoid taking responsibility for our actions
    • Self-justification helps maintain a positive self-image

    Self-Discrepancy Theory

    • People experience discomfort when a gap exists between their actual self and ideal self
    • This discomfort can motivate us to change our behavior or beliefs

    Cognitive Dissonance Management

    • Change behavior to reduce discomfort
    • Change beliefs to align with behavior
    • Add new beliefs (cognitions) to justify the behaviour
    • Use self-affirmation to maintain a positive self-image

    Self-Acclimation Theory

    • People use self-affirmation to feel better about themselves
    • Management of self-image by highlighting positive aspects of oneself
    • Justify behavior by focusing on other good choices we've made

    Affective Forecasting

    • Incorrect predictions about future emotions
    • Impact Bias: Overestimation of future emotion intensity and duration

    Post-Decision Dissonance

    • Discomfort after making a decision
    • We change cognitions to justify the decision
    • Spreading of Alternatives: Making the chosen option seem better and the rejected option worse

    Justification of Effort

    • We value outcomes more when we put more effort into achieving them
    • This helps reduce dissonance and aligns our cognition with our actions

    Irrevocability Hypothesis

    • We experience cognitive dissonance after making a decision and justify our choice
    • External justification reduces cognitive dissonance

    Boring Task Experiment

    • Demonstrates how insufficient external justification leads to changes in internal beliefs
    • Participants were asked to lie about a boring task
    • Those paid less were more likely to change their beliefs because they had insufficient external justification

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of cognitive dissonance and the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Learn how our beliefs and behaviors can create discomfort and discover strategies to reduce this cognitive dissonance. This quiz covers key theories and applications related to motivation and self-perception.

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