Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which attachment style is characterized by a child who shows distress when a parent leaves and seeks comfort when they return?
Which attachment style is characterized by a child who shows distress when a parent leaves and seeks comfort when they return?
In what situation would someone primarily use authority orientation when determining right and wrong?
In what situation would someone primarily use authority orientation when determining right and wrong?
How does an anxious-ambivalent attachment style manifest in a child's behavior with their parent?
How does an anxious-ambivalent attachment style manifest in a child's behavior with their parent?
What is the impact of developing the ability to delay gratification in childhood on adult behavior?
What is the impact of developing the ability to delay gratification in childhood on adult behavior?
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Why might morality be considered a post hoc reasoning process?
Why might morality be considered a post hoc reasoning process?
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What age range corresponds to Piaget's Preoperational stage of cognitive development?
What age range corresponds to Piaget's Preoperational stage of cognitive development?
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Which behavior is typical of children in the sensorimotor stage?
Which behavior is typical of children in the sensorimotor stage?
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What does the concept of object permanence signify in cognitive development?
What does the concept of object permanence signify in cognitive development?
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What does the Visual Cliff experiment help to demonstrate in infants?
What does the Visual Cliff experiment help to demonstrate in infants?
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What is a key characteristic of the Concrete Operational stage?
What is a key characteristic of the Concrete Operational stage?
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What is the process of habitually exposing infants to the same stimulus until they lose interest called?
What is the process of habitually exposing infants to the same stimulus until they lose interest called?
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What does the ability of children to use scale models indicate during the Preoperational stage?
What does the ability of children to use scale models indicate during the Preoperational stage?
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What does dishabituation indicate in the context of infant cognitive development?
What does dishabituation indicate in the context of infant cognitive development?
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What does dual representation enable individuals to understand?
What does dual representation enable individuals to understand?
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Which characteristic defines egocentrism in children?
Which characteristic defines egocentrism in children?
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What is conservation in cognitive development?
What is conservation in cognitive development?
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Which factor contributes to preoperational children's difficulties in understanding conservation?
Which factor contributes to preoperational children's difficulties in understanding conservation?
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What cognitive ability is developed during the formal operational stage?
What cognitive ability is developed during the formal operational stage?
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What is a fundamental criticism of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
What is a fundamental criticism of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
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In Kohlberg's preconventional stage, what primarily determines right and wrong?
In Kohlberg's preconventional stage, what primarily determines right and wrong?
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In the conventional stage, what is a key characteristic of moral reasoning?
In the conventional stage, what is a key characteristic of moral reasoning?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Development
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Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development:
- Sensorimotor (up to age 2)
- Preoperational (ages 2–7)
- Concrete Operational (ages 7-11)
- Formal Operational (ages 11 and up)
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Sensorimotor stage characteristics:
- Coordinating senses and motor movements
- Initially little body control, but motor skills develop
- Prefers behaviors that produce reward (circular reactions)
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Depth perception development:
- Babies develop a fear of heights, typically demonstrating this through a visual cliff experiment.
- Babies who have recently begun crawling are more likely to avoid the cliff than those who have been crawling for longer.
Object Permanence
- Object permanence is the understanding that objects exist even when they are out of sight.
- This develops early in infancy and is a key aspect of symbolic thinking, as it allows infants to represent objects in their minds.
- Basic understanding of physical laws can be seen as early as 3–4 months old.
Preoperational Stage
- This stage is marked by a gradual improvement in symbolic thought.
- Children begin to use symbols to represent objects, as seen in using a block of wood to represent a car.
- Scale models demonstrate the child's understanding of the difference between a model and the actual object (dual representation).
- Egocentrism is a key characteristic of this stage, as children cannot take on the perspective of others (e.g., the Sally-Anne task).
Concrete Operational Stage
- Children can perform operations on tangible objects, meaning they can perform mental operations by observing what happens.
Conservation
- Understanding that physical qualities remain the same despite changes in appearance.
- Example: realizing a tall, thin glass and a short, wide glass contain the same amount of liquid.
Formal Operational Stage
- The ability to think abstractly and consider hypothetical situations
- Understand implications beyond the immediate situation
- Increased logical reasoning and reduced trial-and-error
Piaget's Stage Shortcomings
- Underestimating children's abilities
- Overlapping stages occur
Kohlberg's Moral Development
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Three levels of moral development:
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
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Preconventional: Morality determined by external consequences (punishment/reward)
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Conventional: Morality stems from social norms and expectations
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Postconventional: Morality is based on abstract principles of justice.
Attachment Styles
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Three attachment styles:
- Secure
- Anxious-ambivalent
- Avoidant
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These styles can be reflected in children's responses to separation from caretakers.
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Exhibiting separation anxiety if one of the above styles.
Delay of Gratification
- The ability to delay gratification, or resist immediate gratification for a larger reward at a later time.
- Related to self-control and development.
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Description
Explore Piaget's four stages of cognitive development and the concept of object permanence in infants. This quiz tests your understanding of sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages, along with key characteristics. Challenge yourself and discover how babies perceive their world!
