Cognitive Development: Piaget's Stages and Information Processing

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development:
- Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Infants learn through senses and motor activities
- Preoperational (2-7 years): Children use symbols and imagination, but lack logical reasoning
- Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Children develop logical reasoning and problem-solving skills
- Formal Operational (11-15 years): Adolescents develop abstract thinking and reasoning
Information Processing Theory:
- Children process information in stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval
- Capacity and speed of information processing increase with age
Language Development:
- Babbling (6-9 months): Infants experiment with sounds and syllable structures
- One-word stage (9-12 months): Infants use single words to communicate
- Two-word stage (12-18 months): Infants combine two words to convey meaning
- Telegraphic speech (18-24 months): Children use short, simplified sentences

Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory:
- Observational learning: Children learn by observing and imitating others
- Modeling: Children imitate behaviors and attitudes of others
- Reinforcement: Children learn through rewards and punishments
Types of Social Learning:
- Imitation: Children imitate behaviors and attitudes of others
- Identification: Children adopt behaviors and attitudes of others as their own
- Internalization: Children internalize values and norms of others

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory:
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Adolescents explore identities and roles
- Identity formation: Adolescents develop a sense of self and identity
James Marcia's Identity Statuses:
- Diffusion: No clear identity or commitment to roles
- Foreclosure: Unquestioning commitment to roles and identities
- Moratorium: Exploration of different identities and roles
- Achievement: Clear identity and commitment to roles

Attachment Styles:
- Secure: Children feel safe and secure with caregivers
- Anxious-Ambivalent: Children are uncertain and anxious about caregivers
- Anxious-Avoidant: Children avoid caregivers and intimacy
- Disorganized-Disoriented: Children have inconsistent and disorganized attachment styles
Parenting Styles:
- Authoritarian: strict, punitive, and unresponsive
- Permissive: lenient, indulgent, and unresponsive
- Authoritative: warm, responsive, and communicative

Physical Changes in Puberty:
- Primary sex characteristics: development of reproductive organs
- Secondary sex characteristics: development of breasts, hair, and body shape
Hormonal Changes in Puberty:
- Increase in testosterone and estrogen levels
- Triggering of puberty and reproductive development
Reproductive Development:
- Menarche (first menstruation): typically occurs around 12-13 years
- Spermarche (first ejaculation): typically occurs around 13-14 years
- Fertility and reproductive capacity develop during adolescence

Piaget's Stages:
- Sensorimotor stage: 0-2 years, learning through senses and motor activities
- Preoperational stage: 2-7 years, using symbols and imagination, but lacking logical reasoning
- Concrete Operational stage: 7-11 years, developing logical reasoning and problem-solving skills
- Formal Operational stage: 11-15 years, developing abstract thinking and reasoning
Information Processing Theory:
- Children process information in stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval
- Capacity and speed of information processing increase with age
Language Development:
- Babbling stage: 6-9 months, infants experiment with sounds and syllable structures
- One-word stage: 9-12 months, infants use single words to communicate
- Two-word stage: 12-18 months, infants combine two words to convey meaning
- Telegraphic speech: 18-24 months, children use short, simplified sentences

Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory:
- Observational learning: learning by observing and imitating others
- Modeling: imitating behaviors and attitudes of others
- Reinforcement: learning through rewards and punishments
Types of Social Learning:
- Imitation: imitating behaviors and attitudes of others
- Identification: adopting behaviors and attitudes of others as their own
- Internalization: internalizing values and norms of others

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory:
- Identity vs. Role Confusion stage: 12-18 years, exploring identities and roles
- Identity formation: developing a sense of self and identity
James Marcia's Identity Statuses:
- Diffusion: no clear identity or commitment to roles
- Foreclosure: unquestioning commitment to roles and identities
- Moratorium: exploring different identities and roles
- Achievement: clear identity and commitment to roles

Attachment Styles:
- Secure: feeling safe and secure with caregivers
- Anxious-Ambivalent: uncertain and anxious about caregivers
- Anxious-Avoidant: avoiding caregivers and intimacy
- Disorganized-Disoriented: inconsistent and disorganized attachment styles
Parenting Styles:
- Authoritarian: strict, punitive, and unresponsive
- Permissive: lenient, indulgent, and unresponsive
- Authoritative: warm, responsive, and communicative

Physical Changes in Puberty:
- Primary sex characteristics: development of reproductive organs
- Secondary sex characteristics: development of breasts, hair, and body shape
Hormonal Changes in Puberty:
- Increase in testosterone and estrogen levels
- Triggering of puberty and reproductive development
Reproductive Development:
- Menarche (first menstruation): typically occurs around 12-13 years
- Spermarche (first ejaculation): typically occurs around 13-14 years
- Fertility and reproductive capacity develop during adolescence

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