Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function of the sensory store in cognitive development?
What is the function of the sensory store in cognitive development?
- It briefly holds stimuli for further processing. (correct)
- It stores information for future use.
- It allows for the recall of past experiences.
- It retains information for several seconds.
What does the short-term store (STS) primarily involve?
What does the short-term store (STS) primarily involve?
- Storing information for future retrieval.
- Retaining stimuli for several seconds. (correct)
- Analyzing and interpreting information.
- Integrating strategies for elaboration.
Which cognitive ability involves choosing not to attend to certain information?
Which cognitive ability involves choosing not to attend to certain information?
- Set-shifting
- Inhibitory control (correct)
- Elaboration
- Span of apprehension
What does metacognition refer to in cognitive processes?
What does metacognition refer to in cognitive processes?
Which principle indicates that the last number counted represents the number of items in a set?
Which principle indicates that the last number counted represents the number of items in a set?
What is the adaptive strategy choice model’s perspective on children's cognitive strategies?
What is the adaptive strategy choice model’s perspective on children's cognitive strategies?
What is production deficiency in the context of cognitive development?
What is production deficiency in the context of cognitive development?
What is the primary characteristic of analogical reasoning?
What is the primary characteristic of analogical reasoning?
What language style is mostly developed by children in Western cultures?
What language style is mostly developed by children in Western cultures?
What is one strategy that toddlers use to learn new words?
What is one strategy that toddlers use to learn new words?
What characterizes telegraphic speech produced by toddlers?
What characterizes telegraphic speech produced by toddlers?
By the time children enter school, what linguistic skills have they likely acquired?
By the time children enter school, what linguistic skills have they likely acquired?
What is a significant cognitive advantage of bilingualism?
What is a significant cognitive advantage of bilingualism?
What temperament is characterized by a child who withdraws from new situations?
What temperament is characterized by a child who withdraws from new situations?
At what age do infants typically form specific attachments?
At what age do infants typically form specific attachments?
What does the 'goodness-of-fit' model emphasize?
What does the 'goodness-of-fit' model emphasize?
What common error do toddlers frequently make when learning new words?
What common error do toddlers frequently make when learning new words?
What phase occurs when infants prefer social stimuli over nonsocial stimuli?
What phase occurs when infants prefer social stimuli over nonsocial stimuli?
Which ability reflects a child's development of empathy?
Which ability reflects a child's development of empathy?
What is an example of a grammatical morpheme that children typically learn during the preschool period?
What is an example of a grammatical morpheme that children typically learn during the preschool period?
What contributes to linguistic refinement in middle childhood?
What contributes to linguistic refinement in middle childhood?
Which of the following accurately represents the information-processing perspective's limitations?
Which of the following accurately represents the information-processing perspective's limitations?
What does connectionism primarily use to understand cognitive development?
What does connectionism primarily use to understand cognitive development?
Which term describes the innate ability to pick up on language rules according to Chomsky?
Which term describes the innate ability to pick up on language rules according to Chomsky?
What is the purpose of expansions in language development?
What is the purpose of expansions in language development?
Which aspect of language learning pertains to the rules governing the formation of words from sounds?
Which aspect of language learning pertains to the rules governing the formation of words from sounds?
Which of the following components is NOT one of the five interdependent aspects of language?
Which of the following components is NOT one of the five interdependent aspects of language?
How do behaviorists explain language acquisition?
How do behaviorists explain language acquisition?
Which process involves the linking of a word with its referent after hearing it only a few times?
Which process involves the linking of a word with its referent after hearing it only a few times?
What interactionist perspective emphasizes in language acquisition?
What interactionist perspective emphasizes in language acquisition?
What is considered part of the biological aspects of language development?
What is considered part of the biological aspects of language development?
During which period do children primarily use one-word utterances known as holophrases?
During which period do children primarily use one-word utterances known as holophrases?
Which of the following is true regarding the phonological awareness component of language?
Which of the following is true regarding the phonological awareness component of language?
What does metalinguistic awareness enable older children to do?
What does metalinguistic awareness enable older children to do?
What is a key social aspect of language development?
What is a key social aspect of language development?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five components of language children acquire?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five components of language children acquire?
What effect does direct eye contact have on a child's learning?
What effect does direct eye contact have on a child's learning?
Which aspect of language development involves understanding the meanings behind phrases like 'under the weather'?
Which aspect of language development involves understanding the meanings behind phrases like 'under the weather'?
What is characterized by children who do not seek contact with their caregiver upon return after a separation?
What is characterized by children who do not seek contact with their caregiver upon return after a separation?
According to interactionist perspective, how does environment affect language learning?
According to interactionist perspective, how does environment affect language learning?
During which period do infants start cooing and babbling?
During which period do infants start cooing and babbling?
Which phase in Bowlby's stages of separation involves extreme distress and resistance towards the caregiver?
Which phase in Bowlby's stages of separation involves extreme distress and resistance towards the caregiver?
What type of attachment relationship is associated with children who exhibit social competence and are unlikely to have behavioral problems?
What type of attachment relationship is associated with children who exhibit social competence and are unlikely to have behavioral problems?
Which scenario demonstrates the application of pragmatics in children's language use?
Which scenario demonstrates the application of pragmatics in children's language use?
What is the main focus of the Still Face experiment conducted by Edward Tronick?
What is the main focus of the Still Face experiment conducted by Edward Tronick?
What role does significant interaction with adults play in a child's language development?
What role does significant interaction with adults play in a child's language development?
Which behavior in children is associated with disorganized attachment?
Which behavior in children is associated with disorganized attachment?
What characterizes the holophrastic period of language development?
What characterizes the holophrastic period of language development?
What happens to children's attention spans as they age?
What happens to children's attention spans as they age?
Which of the following has been shown to enhance a child’s language skills according to neuro-psych findings?
Which of the following has been shown to enhance a child’s language skills according to neuro-psych findings?
At what age is emotional self-regulation expected to begin in infants?
At what age is emotional self-regulation expected to begin in infants?
How do nativists explain language acquisition?
How do nativists explain language acquisition?
Which strategy is commonly used to improve memory performance in children?
Which strategy is commonly used to improve memory performance in children?
Which type of attachment is characterized by children who approach their mother but may reject contact or show aggression?
Which type of attachment is characterized by children who approach their mother but may reject contact or show aggression?
What is the primary focus of semantics in language acquisition?
What is the primary focus of semantics in language acquisition?
What is a production deficiency in the context of children's memory strategies?
What is a production deficiency in the context of children's memory strategies?
What is a significant risk factor for developing behavioral disorders in children with disorganized attachment?
What is a significant risk factor for developing behavioral disorders in children with disorganized attachment?
What are the primary linguistic capabilities identified by nativists?
What are the primary linguistic capabilities identified by nativists?
How do children in collectivist cultures typically encode memories?
How do children in collectivist cultures typically encode memories?
What is the term used to describe a set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures?
What is the term used to describe a set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures?
What influences the effective choice of strategy in children?
What influences the effective choice of strategy in children?
What type of emotional responses begin to develop by the middle of the first year?
What type of emotional responses begin to develop by the middle of the first year?
Which of the following best describes the importance of shared gaze during language development?
Which of the following best describes the importance of shared gaze during language development?
Which aspect of memory develops significantly during the preschool years?
Which aspect of memory develops significantly during the preschool years?
Which attachment pattern is least likely to be identified in a sample of North American children?
Which attachment pattern is least likely to be identified in a sample of North American children?
In the context of attachment relationships, what is the most critical factor to ensure proper emotional development in infants?
In the context of attachment relationships, what is the most critical factor to ensure proper emotional development in infants?
What is one of the main reasons young children are more susceptible to false memories?
What is one of the main reasons young children are more susceptible to false memories?
What is a common behavior displayed by children with insecure avoidant attachment when reunited with their caregiver?
What is a common behavior displayed by children with insecure avoidant attachment when reunited with their caregiver?
What does Siegler's adaptive strategy choice model suggest about children's problem-solving strategies?
What does Siegler's adaptive strategy choice model suggest about children's problem-solving strategies?
The ability to carry out arithmetic operations mentally develops as children:
The ability to carry out arithmetic operations mentally develops as children:
Which cognitive process is positively influenced by improvements in executive control processes?
Which cognitive process is positively influenced by improvements in executive control processes?
What is the focus of fuzzy-trace theory in relation to memory processing?
What is the focus of fuzzy-trace theory in relation to memory processing?
What generally characterizes the development of children's metacognition?
What generally characterizes the development of children's metacognition?
What is one method used to improve the accuracy of children's eyewitness testimony?
What is one method used to improve the accuracy of children's eyewitness testimony?
In what way do cultural differences affect children's mathematical performance?
In what way do cultural differences affect children's mathematical performance?
What characterizes avoidant attachment in infants?
What characterizes avoidant attachment in infants?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic defined by Rothbart & Bates regarding temperament?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic defined by Rothbart & Bates regarding temperament?
At what phase of attachment do infants begin to show stranger anxiety?
At what phase of attachment do infants begin to show stranger anxiety?
Which dimension is NOT part of the six dimensions that characterize temperament?
Which dimension is NOT part of the six dimensions that characterize temperament?
What is a primary feature of disorganized/disoriented attachment?
What is a primary feature of disorganized/disoriented attachment?
Imprinting is crucial for which of the following reasons?
Imprinting is crucial for which of the following reasons?
What does the term 'attachment behaviors' refer to?
What does the term 'attachment behaviors' refer to?
What is the primary function of the sensory register in the information-processing model?
What is the primary function of the sensory register in the information-processing model?
Which of the following is an example of a stable individual difference in temperament according to Thomas & Chess?
Which of the following is an example of a stable individual difference in temperament according to Thomas & Chess?
Which two types of rehearsal enhance the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
Which two types of rehearsal enhance the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
How does temperament influence personality development?
How does temperament influence personality development?
What role do pre-programmed behaviors play in attachment according to Bowlby's theory?
What role do pre-programmed behaviors play in attachment according to Bowlby's theory?
How does the capacity of short-term memory differ from long-term memory?
How does the capacity of short-term memory differ from long-term memory?
What is the purpose of chunking in short-term memory?
What is the purpose of chunking in short-term memory?
Which characteristic is part of Buss & Plomin's three temperament traits?
Which characteristic is part of Buss & Plomin's three temperament traits?
Which phase of attachment involves behaviors that are survival-oriented and directed to all adults?
Which phase of attachment involves behaviors that are survival-oriented and directed to all adults?
Which type of long-term memory primarily involves personal experiences?
Which type of long-term memory primarily involves personal experiences?
What is a consequence of a mismatch between a child’s temperament and their caregiver's parenting style?
What is a consequence of a mismatch between a child’s temperament and their caregiver's parenting style?
What does the serial position effect suggest about memory retention?
What does the serial position effect suggest about memory retention?
Which method of processing information is deemed the deepest according to the Levels of Processing Model?
Which method of processing information is deemed the deepest according to the Levels of Processing Model?
What is the implication of automatization in cognitive processes?
What is the implication of automatization in cognitive processes?
What is emphasized as necessary for children to effectively use memory strategies?
What is emphasized as necessary for children to effectively use memory strategies?
What does the Levels of Processing Model suggest about information recall?
What does the Levels of Processing Model suggest about information recall?
In the context of children's memory for routes, what does their performance typically reveal?
In the context of children's memory for routes, what does their performance typically reveal?
What is a key characteristic of short-term memory?
What is a key characteristic of short-term memory?
Which type of long-term memory includes information about how to perform specific tasks?
Which type of long-term memory includes information about how to perform specific tasks?
The capacity for short-term memory is generally estimated to hold how many distinct bits of information?
The capacity for short-term memory is generally estimated to hold how many distinct bits of information?
What term refers to the phenomenon of using one word to mean more than it should?
What term refers to the phenomenon of using one word to mean more than it should?
Which stage of language development involves the use of isolated words connected to meanings?
Which stage of language development involves the use of isolated words connected to meanings?
What is the primary focus of pragmatics in language development?
What is the primary focus of pragmatics in language development?
In which stage does a child typically begin to string together two words to produce meaning?
In which stage does a child typically begin to string together two words to produce meaning?
What is the key difference between receptive language and expressive language?
What is the key difference between receptive language and expressive language?
Which of the following words represents a common error due to over-regularization?
Which of the following words represents a common error due to over-regularization?
What does 'telegraphic speech' refer to in language development?
What does 'telegraphic speech' refer to in language development?
Which of the following is an example of over-extension?
Which of the following is an example of over-extension?
What is NOT a characteristic of the multi-word stage in language development?
What is NOT a characteristic of the multi-word stage in language development?
At what age do children typically reach a vocabulary of around 10,000 words?
At what age do children typically reach a vocabulary of around 10,000 words?
Which process is demonstrated when a child experiments with sounds of the language being learned?
Which process is demonstrated when a child experiments with sounds of the language being learned?
What distinguishes early babbling sounds from babbling at 8-10 months?
What distinguishes early babbling sounds from babbling at 8-10 months?
What does the term 'morphology' refer to in grammar?
What does the term 'morphology' refer to in grammar?
Which of the following is an example of classical pragmatics?
Which of the following is an example of classical pragmatics?
What stage of language acquisition is characterized by the earliest forms of nonverbal communication such as crying and gestures?
What stage of language acquisition is characterized by the earliest forms of nonverbal communication such as crying and gestures?
What aspect of a child's development is enhanced by conversations about emotions?
What aspect of a child's development is enhanced by conversations about emotions?
How does temperament affect a child's risk for adjustment problems?
How does temperament affect a child's risk for adjustment problems?
At what age do infants typically form their first true attachments?
At what age do infants typically form their first true attachments?
Which attachment classification indicates a child's inconsistency in attachment behaviors?
Which attachment classification indicates a child's inconsistency in attachment behaviors?
What type of caregiving is associated with developing secure attachments?
What type of caregiving is associated with developing secure attachments?
What is the primary characteristic of the 'extended self' in children?
What is the primary characteristic of the 'extended self' in children?
What does mastery motivation refer to in child development?
What does mastery motivation refer to in child development?
What type of praise is most beneficial for children's self-esteem and motivation?
What type of praise is most beneficial for children's self-esteem and motivation?
At what age do most children begin to form a categorical self?
At what age do most children begin to form a categorical self?
Which mindset believes that abilities are stable traits that cannot be easily changed?
Which mindset believes that abilities are stable traits that cannot be easily changed?
How do warm and responsive parenting styles affect children's self-esteem?
How do warm and responsive parenting styles affect children's self-esteem?
What can contribute to insecure attachments in children?
What can contribute to insecure attachments in children?
Which psychological concept helps predict intellectual curiosity and social competence in children coming from secure attachments?
Which psychological concept helps predict intellectual curiosity and social competence in children coming from secure attachments?
Which type of children is likely to display stronger achievement motivation?
Which type of children is likely to display stronger achievement motivation?
What typically describes the self-concept of 3- to 5-year-olds?
What typically describes the self-concept of 3- to 5-year-olds?
What is the effect of process-oriented praise on children?
What is the effect of process-oriented praise on children?
What is a potential outcome for children with difficult temperaments?
What is a potential outcome for children with difficult temperaments?
When do children typically begin to understand stable psychological attributes in themselves?
When do children typically begin to understand stable psychological attributes in themselves?
What can help helpless children become more mastery-oriented?
What can help helpless children become more mastery-oriented?
Which attachment style is characterized by the avoidance of emotional closeness?
Which attachment style is characterized by the avoidance of emotional closeness?
In what way do elementary school children begin to describe their friends and acquaintances?
In what way do elementary school children begin to describe their friends and acquaintances?
How do peers influence self-esteem during elementary school years?
How do peers influence self-esteem during elementary school years?
What is essential for truly knowing a person, according to social cognition development?
What is essential for truly knowing a person, according to social cognition development?
What is the primary objective of having a learning goal?
What is the primary objective of having a learning goal?
What does the concept of the Separate Self primarily involve?
What does the concept of the Separate Self primarily involve?
At what age do children typically begin self-recognition in the mirror according to the rouge test?
At what age do children typically begin self-recognition in the mirror according to the rouge test?
Which of the following is an aspect of the Categorical Self?
Which of the following is an aspect of the Categorical Self?
How does self-concept evolve during middle childhood?
How does self-concept evolve during middle childhood?
What is global self-esteem, according to Susan Harter?
What is global self-esteem, according to Susan Harter?
What can lead to the downward spiral of self-esteem?
What can lead to the downward spiral of self-esteem?
Which strategy is recommended to counteract the downward spiral of self-esteem?
Which strategy is recommended to counteract the downward spiral of self-esteem?
What is a common characteristic of children's understanding of psychological traits?
What is a common characteristic of children's understanding of psychological traits?
Which of the following impacts academic self-concept negatively?
Which of the following impacts academic self-concept negatively?
What does the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy imply in educational settings?
What does the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy imply in educational settings?
What behavior change is associated with self-awareness in toddlers?
What behavior change is associated with self-awareness in toddlers?
How do children typically describe themselves in early childhood?
How do children typically describe themselves in early childhood?
Which approach is advised to promote self-esteem in children?
Which approach is advised to promote self-esteem in children?
Flashcards
Inhibitory Control
Inhibitory Control
The ability to purposely choose not to pay attention to information; a key part of self-control.
Set Shifting
Set Shifting
Moving from one strategy to another. The ability to switch between different ways of doing things.
Span of Apprehension
Span of Apprehension
The number of items a person can hold in their mind at one time.
Elaboration
Elaboration
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Production Deficiency
Production Deficiency
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Adaptive Strategy Choice Model
Adaptive Strategy Choice Model
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Implicit Cognition
Implicit Cognition
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Explicit Cognition
Explicit Cognition
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Executive Function
Executive Function
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Memory Span
Memory Span
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Working Memory Capacity
Working Memory Capacity
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Memory Strategies
Memory Strategies
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Rehearsal
Rehearsal
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Semantic Organization
Semantic Organization
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Utilization Deficiency
Utilization Deficiency
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Metacognition
Metacognition
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Attention
Attention
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Script
Script
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Fuzzy Trace Theory
Fuzzy Trace Theory
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Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Short-Term Memory (STM)
Short-Term Memory (STM)
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Communication
Communication
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Working Memory
Working Memory
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Maintenance Rehearsal
Maintenance Rehearsal
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Vocables
Vocables
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Elaborative Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal
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Psycholinguists
Psycholinguists
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Chunking
Chunking
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Morphology
Morphology
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Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
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Sociolinguistic Knowledge
Sociolinguistic Knowledge
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Semantic Memory
Semantic Memory
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
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Language-Making Capacity (LMC)
Language-Making Capacity (LMC)
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Episodic Memory
Episodic Memory
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Interactionist Theory
Interactionist Theory
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Procedural Memory
Procedural Memory
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Expansions
Expansions
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Serial Position Effect
Serial Position Effect
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Recasts
Recasts
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Automatization
Automatization
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Attentional Resources
Attentional Resources
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Coos
Coos
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Canonical Babbles
Canonical Babbles
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Levels of Processing Model
Levels of Processing Model
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Cognitive Load
Cognitive Load
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Holophrastic Period
Holophrastic Period
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Fast-Mapping
Fast-Mapping
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Multistore Model
Multistore Model
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Language
Language
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Holophrastic Stage
Holophrastic Stage
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Receptive Language
Receptive Language
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Expressive Language
Expressive Language
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Babbling
Babbling
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Consonant-Vowel Combinations
Consonant-Vowel Combinations
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Reduplicated Babbling
Reduplicated Babbling
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Non-Reduplicated Babbling
Non-Reduplicated Babbling
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Two-Word Stage
Two-Word Stage
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Telegraphic Speech
Telegraphic Speech
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Over-Extension
Over-Extension
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Under-Extension
Under-Extension
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Syntax
Syntax
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Grammar
Grammar
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Pragmatics
Pragmatics
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Phase of Multiple Attachments
Phase of Multiple Attachments
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Sensitive Responsiveness
Sensitive Responsiveness
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Internal Working Model
Internal Working Model
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Separation Anxiety
Separation Anxiety
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Bowlby's Stages of Separation
Bowlby's Stages of Separation
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Reciprocal Relationship Stage
Reciprocal Relationship Stage
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Strange Situation
Strange Situation
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Secure Attachment
Secure Attachment
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Insecure Avoidant Attachment
Insecure Avoidant Attachment
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Insecure Ambivalent Attachment
Insecure Ambivalent Attachment
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Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
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Still Face Experiment
Still Face Experiment
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Emotional Regulation
Emotional Regulation
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Emotional Awareness
Emotional Awareness
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Socialization of Emotions
Socialization of Emotions
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Process-Oriented Praise
Process-Oriented Praise
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Social Cognition
Social Cognition
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Self-Concept
Self-Concept
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Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem
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Achievement Motivation
Achievement Motivation
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Academic Self-Concept
Academic Self-Concept
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Entity View of Ability
Entity View of Ability
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Incremental View of Ability
Incremental View of Ability
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Role-Taking
Role-Taking
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Knowing About Others
Knowing About Others
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Emotional Development in Childhood
Emotional Development in Childhood
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Emotional Displays and Social Contact
Emotional Displays and Social Contact
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Emotional Understanding and Social Cues
Emotional Understanding and Social Cues
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Temperament
Temperament
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Influences on Temperament
Influences on Temperament
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Stability of Temperament
Stability of Temperament
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Temperament Profiles
Temperament Profiles
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Goodness-of-Fit and Adjustment
Goodness-of-Fit and Adjustment
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Infant Attachment
Infant Attachment
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Bonding and Synchronized Routines
Bonding and Synchronized Routines
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Secondary Reinforcer in Attachment
Secondary Reinforcer in Attachment
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Stages of Attachment
Stages of Attachment
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Secure Base and Multiple Attachments
Secure Base and Multiple Attachments
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Cognitive-Developmental Theory of Attachment
Cognitive-Developmental Theory of Attachment
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Ethological Theory of Attachment
Ethological Theory of Attachment
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Emotionality
Emotionality
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Activity Level
Activity Level
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Sociability
Sociability
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Goodness of Fit
Goodness of Fit
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Attachment
Attachment
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Stranger Anxiety
Stranger Anxiety
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Social Referencing
Social Referencing
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Avoidant Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
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Imprinting
Imprinting
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Attachment Behaviours
Attachment Behaviours
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Asocial Phase
Asocial Phase
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Learning Goal
Learning Goal
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Person Perception
Person Perception
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Sense of Self
Sense of Self
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Separate Self
Separate Self
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Self-Awareness
Self-Awareness
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Rouge Test
Rouge Test
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Internal Locus of Control
Internal Locus of Control
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External Locus of Control
External Locus of Control
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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Educational Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Educational Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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Sense of Industry
Sense of Industry
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Social Comparison
Social Comparison
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Metalinguistic Awareness
Metalinguistic Awareness
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Illocutionary Intent
Illocutionary Intent
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Semantics
Semantics
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Phonology
Phonology
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Subordination
Subordination
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Prelinguistic Period
Prelinguistic Period
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Vocabulary Spurt
Vocabulary Spurt
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Attending to Multiple Aspects of Conversation
Attending to Multiple Aspects of Conversation
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Talk to Children
Talk to Children
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Shared Time
Shared Time
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Joint Attention
Joint Attention
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Referential Language Style
Referential Language Style
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Expressive Language Style
Expressive Language Style
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Object Scope Constraint
Object Scope Constraint
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Mutual Exclusivity
Mutual Exclusivity
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Lexical Context
Lexical Context
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Syntactical Bootstrapping
Syntactical Bootstrapping
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Pragmatic Constraints
Pragmatic Constraints
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Sociolinguistic Prescriptions
Sociolinguistic Prescriptions
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Preschool Language Learning
Preschool Language Learning
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Grammatical Morphemes
Grammatical Morphemes
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Overregularization
Overregularization
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Study Notes
Cognitive Development Part 2
- Multistore Model: A model describing information processing through three stores: sensory, short-term (working memory), and long-term. This model views each store as distinct and emphasizes universal, inborn aspects of these processes.
- Sensory Store: The initial processing stage, briefly retaining sensory input. Maintenance within this store depends on attention.
- Short-Term Store (Working Memory): Holds information for a few seconds, where active processing and manipulation of information occur.
- Long-Term Store: A permanent store for examined and processed information, with limitless capacity.
- Inhibitory Control: The ability to consciously ignore irrelevant information.
- Set-Shifting: Adapting to new strategies.
- Span of Apprehension: The number of items a person can mentally hold simultaneously.
- Elaboration: Adding details or creating meaningful connections to enhance memory retention.
- Production Deficiency: Not spontaneously using effective learning strategies, even if known.
- Adaptive Strategy Choice Model: Siegler's model depicting multiple strategies competing for use, changing over time as more effective strategies emerge.
- Implicit Cognition: Thought occurring without conscious awareness.
- Explicit Cognition: Thought processes involving conscious awareness.
- Metacognition: Knowledge about one's own cognitive processes and the ability to regulate these processes.
- Analogical Reasoning: Applying existing knowledge to understand new situations.
- Cardinality: The principle that the last number in a counting sequence signifies the total quantity of items in a set.
Information Processing
- Information processing involves how humans receive, manipulate, and remember information.
- Key Models: Multistore and Levels of Processing.
- Store Model: Information moves through three interconnected "stores."
Sensory Register (Sensory Memory)
- Receives extensive sensory data from the environment.
- Holds it only for a brief amount of time.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Temporarily holds a limited amount of information (5-9 "bits").
- Also known as Working Memory, emphasizing its active role in processing information. Strategies like rehearsal (maintenance and elaborative) and chunking aid STM retention.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Stores information permanently.
- Has a limitless capacity for storing information.
Multistore Model and Cognitive Processes
- Executive function encompasses planning, monitoring, and controlling information processing.
- Inhibitory control & set-shifting are part of executive function.
Developmental Differences in Information Processing
- Both hardware (e.g., memory span, speed of processing) and software (e.g., strategies) contribute to individual differences in information processing.
- Strategies and mnemonics improve with age, but initial strategy use may be inadequate without specific instruction.
- The Adaptive Strategy Choice Model recognizes that children often employ multiple, varying strategies.
Information-Processing Perspectives
- Critiques include a lack of integration across sociocultural, biological, and evolutionary factors.
- Alternative models (e.g., connectionist models) exist.
Language Development
- Language involves meaningless symbols combined through rules.
- Communication is the exchange of information between organisms, fundamental to language.
Theories of Language Development
- Behaviorist (Skinner): Language learning through imitation and reinforcement.
- Nativist (Chomsky): Innate language acquisition device (LAD) facilitates learning rules.
- Interactionist: Language results from a blend of innate abilities and environmental input.
Components of Language
- Phonology: The study of sounds and their combinations in a language.
- Morphology: The rules for word formation.
- Semantics: Meaning of words and phrases.
- Syntax: The rules for sentence structure.
- Pragmatics: Appropriate language use in various contexts.
Language Acquisition Stages
- Pre-linguistic stages (cooing, babbling) demonstrate early vocalization development.
- One-word (holophrastic) stage consists of single-word utterances carrying complex meanings.
- Two-word stage involves short phrases reflecting basic grammatical principles.
- Multi-word stage represents expanded grammatical proficiency.
- School-age language development expands to sophisticated vocabulary use and metalinguistic awareness.
- Language development occurs in everyday living and is best stimulated by positive interactions/modeling.
Self Development
- Proprioceptive Feedback: Sensory information about body position in space.
- Present Self: Early self-representation limited to current understanding.
- Extended Self: A more complex self-concept integrating past, present, and future.
- Mastery Motivation: Drive to explore and control environments.
- Intrinsic Achievement Orientation: Achieving for personal satisfaction.
- Incremental/Growth Mindset: The belief that ability improves through effort.
- Entity/Fixed Mindset: The belief in a static level of ability.
- Mastery Orientation: Perseverance at challenging tasks.
- Process-Oriented Praise: Focusing on effort and strategies, not just the outcome.
- Learning Goal: Focusing on skill development over achieving a defined result.
- Person Perception: Attributing traits to individuals.
Self-Awareness and Recognition
- Infants begin demonstrating a sense of self by realizing their impact on their environment.
- The "rouge test" (mirror test) is used to assess self-recognition in infants.
Social Self and Social Cognition
- Children develop the social self by understanding roles and scripts within social settings.
- Social cognition involves understanding others.
Definitions and Categories of Self
- Self-concept encompasses characteristics and attributes.
- Self-esteem represents self-evaluation.
Self-Concept and Esteem in Elementary Children
- Self-esteem and concept evolve from tangible to internal qualities.
- Social comparison can impact self-esteem.
Self-Esteem and Praise
Counteracting the Downward Spiral
- Diverse experiences and positive feedback can foster positive self-views.
- Process-oriented praise, focusing on effort and strategies, promotes more robust self-esteem and learning.
Emotional Development
- Early emotions include interest, distress, disgust, contentment.
- A range of complex emotions emerge as children mature, as does self-regulation.
- Attachment theory highlights the role of consistent, responsive caregiving in emotion and attachment development.
Attachment
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Asocial (birth to 6 weeks) infants respond to social and nonsocial stimuli similarly.
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Indiscriminate Attachments (6 weeks to 6–7 months) infants preference for social interaction, distinguishing one caregiver from others.
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Specific Attachment (7–9 months) infants form a primary attachment to one caregiver.
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Multiple Attachments (9–18+ months) infants develop attachments to multiple caregivers.
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Patterns of Attachment (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-ambivalent, disorganized/disoriented).
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The Strange Situation Procedure measures attachment styles.
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Parenting styles and environmental factors influence attachment security.
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Attachment plays an important role in later development of social skills and emotional regulation.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in cognitive development, focusing on sensory memory, short-term storage, and metacognition among children. It also delves into language acquisition and the cognitive strategies of bilingual children, accompanied by the principles of cognitive development. Test your knowledge on these foundational elements of psychology!
