Cognitive Development and Language Skills

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the sensory store in cognitive development?

It briefly holds stimuli for further processing. (correct)

It stores information for future use.

It allows for the recall of past experiences.

It retains information for several seconds.

What does the short-term store (STS) primarily involve?

Storing information for future retrieval.

Retaining stimuli for several seconds. (correct)

Analyzing and interpreting information.

Integrating strategies for elaboration.

Which cognitive ability involves choosing not to attend to certain information?

Set-shifting

Inhibitory control (correct)

Elaboration

Span of apprehension

What does metacognition refer to in cognitive processes?

Knowledge about one's own cognitive activities. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle indicates that the last number counted represents the number of items in a set?

Cardinality Signup and view all the answers

What is the adaptive strategy choice model’s perspective on children's cognitive strategies?

Multiple strategies compete for use within a child's repertoire. Signup and view all the answers

What is production deficiency in the context of cognitive development?

The failure to effectively apply known strategies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of analogical reasoning?

Using known information to understand the unknown. Signup and view all the answers

What language style is mostly developed by children in Western cultures?

Referential style Signup and view all the answers

What is one strategy that toddlers use to learn new words?

Fast-mapping Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes telegraphic speech produced by toddlers?

Combination of two- and three-word phrases Signup and view all the answers

By the time children enter school, what linguistic skills have they likely acquired?

Most syntactical rules of their native language Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant cognitive advantage of bilingualism?

Improved metalinguistic awareness Signup and view all the answers

What temperament is characterized by a child who withdraws from new situations?

Slow-to-warm-up temperament Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically form specific attachments?

7 to 9 months Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'goodness-of-fit' model emphasize?

Parents adapting their practices to their child's temperament Signup and view all the answers

What common error do toddlers frequently make when learning new words?

Overextensions and underextensions Signup and view all the answers

What phase occurs when infants prefer social stimuli over nonsocial stimuli?

Indiscriminate attachments phase Signup and view all the answers

Which ability reflects a child's development of empathy?

Experiencing emotions similar to others Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a grammatical morpheme that children typically learn during the preschool period?

-s for plurality Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to linguistic refinement in middle childhood?

Exposure to complex syntactical structures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately represents the information-processing perspective's limitations?

It ignores sociocultural and neurological influences on cognitive growth. Signup and view all the answers

What does connectionism primarily use to understand cognitive development?

Computational modeling. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the innate ability to pick up on language rules according to Chomsky?

Language acquisition device (LAD) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of expansions in language development?

To respond with a grammatically correct statement. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of language learning pertains to the rules governing the formation of words from sounds?

Morphology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT one of the five interdependent aspects of language?

Pragmatics Signup and view all the answers

How do behaviorists explain language acquisition?

As a learned behavior reinforced by the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the linking of a word with its referent after hearing it only a few times?

Fast-mapping Signup and view all the answers

What interactionist perspective emphasizes in language acquisition?

The interplay of biology and environmental influences. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered part of the biological aspects of language development?

Cognitive development impacting language learning. Signup and view all the answers

During which period do children primarily use one-word utterances known as holophrases?

Holophrastic period Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the phonological awareness component of language?

It involves ability to produce and distinguish sounds. Signup and view all the answers

What does metalinguistic awareness enable older children to do?

Think and talk about language itself Signup and view all the answers

What is a key social aspect of language development?

Positive reinforcement through adult interaction. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five components of language children acquire?

Fluency Signup and view all the answers

What effect does direct eye contact have on a child's learning?

Increases brain activity patterns to mirror the speaker’s Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of language development involves understanding the meanings behind phrases like 'under the weather'?

Semantics Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by children who do not seek contact with their caregiver upon return after a separation?

Insecure avoidant attachment Signup and view all the answers

According to interactionist perspective, how does environment affect language learning?

It introduces new linguistic rules and concepts through companions. Signup and view all the answers

During which period do infants start cooing and babbling?

Prelinguistic Period Signup and view all the answers

Which phase in Bowlby's stages of separation involves extreme distress and resistance towards the caregiver?

Protest Signup and view all the answers

What type of attachment relationship is associated with children who exhibit social competence and are unlikely to have behavioral problems?

Secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario demonstrates the application of pragmatics in children's language use?

A child making adjustments in speech based on their audience Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Still Face experiment conducted by Edward Tronick?

The impact of responsive versus non-responsive interaction Signup and view all the answers

What role does significant interaction with adults play in a child's language development?

It fosters meaningful and engaged communication. Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior in children is associated with disorganized attachment?

Contradictory behavior towards the caregiver Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the holophrastic period of language development?

Children express ideas using single words or holophrases. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to children's attention spans as they age?

They increase, becoming more selective. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following has been shown to enhance a child’s language skills according to neuro-psych findings?

Having the child face the adult in a stroller Signup and view all the answers

At what age is emotional self-regulation expected to begin in infants?

By the end of the first year Signup and view all the answers

How do nativists explain language acquisition?

As an innate ability supported by biological mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is commonly used to improve memory performance in children?

Semantic organization Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attachment is characterized by children who approach their mother but may reject contact or show aggression?

Insecure ambivalent attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of semantics in language acquisition?

The meanings of words and sentences Signup and view all the answers

What is a production deficiency in the context of children's memory strategies?

Failing to use a strategy even when they know it. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for developing behavioral disorders in children with disorganized attachment?

Environmental impacts such as neglect Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary linguistic capabilities identified by nativists?

Linguistic universals and brain areas Signup and view all the answers

How do children in collectivist cultures typically encode memories?

Through a perspective based on social aspects. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures?

Internal working model Signup and view all the answers

What influences the effective choice of strategy in children?

The need for cognitive resources and metacognition. Signup and view all the answers

What type of emotional responses begin to develop by the middle of the first year?

Anger and surprise Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the importance of shared gaze during language development?

It enhances engagement and communication quality. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of memory develops significantly during the preschool years?

Autobiographical memory. Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment pattern is least likely to be identified in a sample of North American children?

Disorganized attachment Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attachment relationships, what is the most critical factor to ensure proper emotional development in infants?

A single primary caregiver Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons young children are more susceptible to false memories?

They are generally more susceptible to suggestion. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior displayed by children with insecure avoidant attachment when reunited with their caregiver?

Indifference to the caregiver's return Signup and view all the answers

What does Siegler's adaptive strategy choice model suggest about children's problem-solving strategies?

Children use a variety of strategies based on the situation. Signup and view all the answers

The ability to carry out arithmetic operations mentally develops as children:

Become less reliant on verbal counting. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive process is positively influenced by improvements in executive control processes?

Analogical reasoning abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of fuzzy-trace theory in relation to memory processing?

Both gist and verbatim processing of information occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What generally characterizes the development of children's metacognition?

It becomes aware of their own thinking and memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is one method used to improve the accuracy of children's eyewitness testimony?

Asking open-ended questions based on their cues. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do cultural differences affect children's mathematical performance?

Cultural variations affect the strategies used for arithmetic and overall performance. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes avoidant attachment in infants?

A tendency to ignore or avoid the caregiver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic defined by Rothbart & Bates regarding temperament?

Physical appearance Signup and view all the answers

At what phase of attachment do infants begin to show stranger anxiety?

Specific attachment phase (7-9 months) Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension is NOT part of the six dimensions that characterize temperament?

Curiosity level Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of disorganized/disoriented attachment?

Dazed appearance and fluctuating behaviors toward the caregiver Signup and view all the answers

Imprinting is crucial for which of the following reasons?

It aids in instinctual bonding for survival Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'attachment behaviors' refer to?

Specific behaviors that promote nearness to a specific individual Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sensory register in the information-processing model?

To receive and briefly hold large amounts of sensory input Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a stable individual difference in temperament according to Thomas & Chess?

A tendency to be more irritable or distressed Signup and view all the answers

Which two types of rehearsal enhance the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

Elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

How does temperament influence personality development?

Temperament lays the foundation for later personality traits Signup and view all the answers

What role do pre-programmed behaviors play in attachment according to Bowlby's theory?

They are essential for keeping parents close to the infant Signup and view all the answers

How does the capacity of short-term memory differ from long-term memory?

STM holds a limited amount of information for a few seconds Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chunking in short-term memory?

To group material into meaningful units for easier retrieval Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is part of Buss & Plomin's three temperament traits?

Activity level Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of attachment involves behaviors that are survival-oriented and directed to all adults?

Asocial phase Signup and view all the answers

Which type of long-term memory primarily involves personal experiences?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of a mismatch between a child’s temperament and their caregiver's parenting style?

The child will face continual challenges Signup and view all the answers

What does the serial position effect suggest about memory retention?

First and last items are remembered better than middle items Signup and view all the answers

Which method of processing information is deemed the deepest according to the Levels of Processing Model?

Semantic processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of automatization in cognitive processes?

Automatic cognitive processes require less attention Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as necessary for children to effectively use memory strategies?

Specific instruction in strategy use Signup and view all the answers

What does the Levels of Processing Model suggest about information recall?

Deep processing enhances memory recall Signup and view all the answers

In the context of children's memory for routes, what does their performance typically reveal?

They better recall the beginning and end than the middle segments Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of short-term memory?

It retains information actively for a limited time Signup and view all the answers

Which type of long-term memory includes information about how to perform specific tasks?

Procedural memory Signup and view all the answers

The capacity for short-term memory is generally estimated to hold how many distinct bits of information?

5-9 bits Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the phenomenon of using one word to mean more than it should?

Over-extension Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of language development involves the use of isolated words connected to meanings?

One-word (holophrastic) stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of pragmatics in language development?

The social and interactive aspects of language Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does a child typically begin to string together two words to produce meaning?

Two-word stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between receptive language and expressive language?

Receptive language is the understanding of language; expressive is conveying ideas. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words represents a common error due to over-regularization?

Runned Signup and view all the answers

What does 'telegraphic speech' refer to in language development?

A two-word stage of speech that lacks grammatical features Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of over-extension?

Calling all animals 'dog' Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of the multi-word stage in language development?

Exclusively single-word responses Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically reach a vocabulary of around 10,000 words?

By age 5 or 6 Signup and view all the answers

Which process is demonstrated when a child experiments with sounds of the language being learned?

Babbling Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes early babbling sounds from babbling at 8-10 months?

Later babbling includes distinct sounds from the language exposed. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'morphology' refer to in grammar?

The formation of words and their components Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of classical pragmatics?

Knowing when to speak during a conversation Signup and view all the answers

What stage of language acquisition is characterized by the earliest forms of nonverbal communication such as crying and gestures?

Newborn nonverbal communication Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a child's development is enhanced by conversations about emotions?

Understanding of others' emotions Signup and view all the answers

How does temperament affect a child's risk for adjustment problems?

It depends on the goodness-of-fit between parenting and temperament. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically form their first true attachments?

7 to 9 months Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment classification indicates a child's inconsistency in attachment behaviors?

Disorganized/disoriented Signup and view all the answers

What type of caregiving is associated with developing secure attachments?

Sensitive, responsive caregiving Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the 'extended self' in children?

Integration of past, present, and future self-representations Signup and view all the answers

What does mastery motivation refer to in child development?

An inborn motive to explore and control the environment Signup and view all the answers

What type of praise is most beneficial for children's self-esteem and motivation?

Process-oriented praise Signup and view all the answers

At what age do most children begin to form a categorical self?

18 to 24 months Signup and view all the answers

Which mindset believes that abilities are stable traits that cannot be easily changed?

Entity view Signup and view all the answers

How do warm and responsive parenting styles affect children's self-esteem?

They foster it. Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to insecure attachments in children?

Environmental stressors such as poverty Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological concept helps predict intellectual curiosity and social competence in children coming from secure attachments?

Internal working models Signup and view all the answers

Which type of children is likely to display stronger achievement motivation?

Infants with secure attachments in stimulating environments Signup and view all the answers

What typically describes the self-concept of 3- to 5-year-olds?

Concrete physical features and possessions Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of process-oriented praise on children?

It fosters learning goals in achievement contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome for children with difficult temperaments?

Increased likelihood of adjustment problems Signup and view all the answers

When do children typically begin to understand stable psychological attributes in themselves?

By 8 years Signup and view all the answers

What can help helpless children become more mastery-oriented?

Attribution retraining that emphasizes unstable causes of failure Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by the avoidance of emotional closeness?

Avoidant Signup and view all the answers

In what way do elementary school children begin to describe their friends and acquaintances?

In concrete, observable terms Signup and view all the answers

How do peers influence self-esteem during elementary school years?

They influence through social comparison that can affect self-evaluations. Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for truly knowing a person, according to social cognition development?

Understanding their thoughts, feelings, and motives Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of having a learning goal?

To increase one’s skills or abilities Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of the Separate Self primarily involve?

Recognizing oneself as distinct from others. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin self-recognition in the mirror according to the rouge test?

18-24 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an aspect of the Categorical Self?

Naming oneself in front of others Signup and view all the answers

How does self-concept evolve during middle childhood?

It shifts towards inner psychological qualities. Signup and view all the answers

What is global self-esteem, according to Susan Harter?

Overall feelings of self-worth emerging around age 7 Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to the downward spiral of self-esteem?

Experiencing negative evaluations Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is recommended to counteract the downward spiral of self-esteem?

Encourage participation in non-academic areas Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of children's understanding of psychological traits?

They do not fully understand psychological traits but can respond to them. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following impacts academic self-concept negatively?

Social comparisons Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy imply in educational settings?

Expectations can shape students' behavior to conform to them. Signup and view all the answers

What behavior change is associated with self-awareness in toddlers?

Use of possessive pronouns like 'mine' Signup and view all the answers

How do children typically describe themselves in early childhood?

With concrete physical attributes and possessions Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is advised to promote self-esteem in children?

Praise progress and effort, not just outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognitive Development Part 2

Multistore Model: A model describing information processing through three stores: sensory, short-term (working memory), and long-term. This model views each store as distinct and emphasizes universal, inborn aspects of these processes.
Sensory Store: The initial processing stage, briefly retaining sensory input. Maintenance within this store depends on attention.
Short-Term Store (Working Memory): Holds information for a few seconds, where active processing and manipulation of information occur.
Long-Term Store: A permanent store for examined and processed information, with limitless capacity.
Inhibitory Control: The ability to consciously ignore irrelevant information.
Set-Shifting: Adapting to new strategies.
Span of Apprehension: The number of items a person can mentally hold simultaneously.
Elaboration: Adding details or creating meaningful connections to enhance memory retention.
Production Deficiency: Not spontaneously using effective learning strategies, even if known.
Adaptive Strategy Choice Model: Siegler's model depicting multiple strategies competing for use, changing over time as more effective strategies emerge.
Implicit Cognition: Thought occurring without conscious awareness.
Explicit Cognition: Thought processes involving conscious awareness.
Metacognition: Knowledge about one's own cognitive processes and the ability to regulate these processes.
Analogical Reasoning: Applying existing knowledge to understand new situations.
Cardinality: The principle that the last number in a counting sequence signifies the total quantity of items in a set.

Information Processing

Information processing involves how humans receive, manipulate, and remember information.
Key Models: Multistore and Levels of Processing.
Store Model: Information moves through three interconnected "stores."

Sensory Register (Sensory Memory)

Receives extensive sensory data from the environment.
Holds it only for a brief amount of time.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Temporarily holds a limited amount of information (5-9 "bits").
Also known as Working Memory, emphasizing its active role in processing information. Strategies like rehearsal (maintenance and elaborative) and chunking aid STM retention.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Stores information permanently.
Has a limitless capacity for storing information.

Multistore Model and Cognitive Processes

Executive function encompasses planning, monitoring, and controlling information processing.
Inhibitory control & set-shifting are part of executive function.

Developmental Differences in Information Processing

Both hardware (e.g., memory span, speed of processing) and software (e.g., strategies) contribute to individual differences in information processing.
Strategies and mnemonics improve with age, but initial strategy use may be inadequate without specific instruction.
The Adaptive Strategy Choice Model recognizes that children often employ multiple, varying strategies.

Information-Processing Perspectives

Critiques include a lack of integration across sociocultural, biological, and evolutionary factors.
Alternative models (e.g., connectionist models) exist.

Language Development

Language involves meaningless symbols combined through rules.
Communication is the exchange of information between organisms, fundamental to language.

Theories of Language Development

Behaviorist (Skinner): Language learning through imitation and reinforcement.
Nativist (Chomsky): Innate language acquisition device (LAD) facilitates learning rules.
Interactionist: Language results from a blend of innate abilities and environmental input.

Components of Language

Phonology: The study of sounds and their combinations in a language.
Morphology: The rules for word formation.
Semantics: Meaning of words and phrases.
Syntax: The rules for sentence structure.
Pragmatics: Appropriate language use in various contexts.

Language Acquisition Stages

Pre-linguistic stages (cooing, babbling) demonstrate early vocalization development.
One-word (holophrastic) stage consists of single-word utterances carrying complex meanings.
Two-word stage involves short phrases reflecting basic grammatical principles.
Multi-word stage represents expanded grammatical proficiency.
School-age language development expands to sophisticated vocabulary use and metalinguistic awareness.
Language development occurs in everyday living and is best stimulated by positive interactions/modeling.

Self Development

Proprioceptive Feedback: Sensory information about body position in space.
Present Self: Early self-representation limited to current understanding.
Extended Self: A more complex self-concept integrating past, present, and future.
Mastery Motivation: Drive to explore and control environments.
Intrinsic Achievement Orientation: Achieving for personal satisfaction.
Incremental/Growth Mindset: The belief that ability improves through effort.
Entity/Fixed Mindset: The belief in a static level of ability.
Mastery Orientation: Perseverance at challenging tasks.
Process-Oriented Praise: Focusing on effort and strategies, not just the outcome.
Learning Goal: Focusing on skill development over achieving a defined result.
Person Perception: Attributing traits to individuals.

Self-Awareness and Recognition

Infants begin demonstrating a sense of self by realizing their impact on their environment.
The "rouge test" (mirror test) is used to assess self-recognition in infants.

Children develop the social self by understanding roles and scripts within social settings.
Social cognition involves understanding others.

Definitions and Categories of Self

Self-concept encompasses characteristics and attributes.
Self-esteem represents self-evaluation.

Self-Concept and Esteem in Elementary Children

Self-esteem and concept evolve from tangible to internal qualities.
Social comparison can impact self-esteem.

Self-Esteem and Praise

Counteracting the Downward Spiral

Diverse experiences and positive feedback can foster positive self-views.
Process-oriented praise, focusing on effort and strategies, promotes more robust self-esteem and learning.

Emotional Development

Early emotions include interest, distress, disgust, contentment.
A range of complex emotions emerge as children mature, as does self-regulation.
Attachment theory highlights the role of consistent, responsive caregiving in emotion and attachment development.

Attachment

Asocial (birth to 6 weeks) infants respond to social and nonsocial stimuli similarly.
Indiscriminate Attachments (6 weeks to 6–7 months) infants preference for social interaction, distinguishing one caregiver from others.
Specific Attachment (7–9 months) infants form a primary attachment to one caregiver.
Multiple Attachments (9–18+ months) infants develop attachments to multiple caregivers.
Patterns of Attachment (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-ambivalent, disorganized/disoriented).
The Strange Situation Procedure measures attachment styles.
Parenting styles and environmental factors influence attachment security.
Attachment plays an important role in later development of social skills and emotional regulation.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in cognitive development, focusing on sensory memory, short-term storage, and metacognition among children. It also delves into language acquisition and the cognitive strategies of bilingual children, accompanied by the principles of cognitive development. Test your knowledge on these foundational elements of psychology!