Language Development in Early Childhood

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What is the primary challenge to nativist views of language learning?

The language of thought

The language acquisition device

Connectionist models of past tense acquisition (correct)

The idea that language is a rule-governed activity

What is the primary focus of Bayesian language learning?

Language of thought

Neural networks in language processing

Word segmentation (correct)

Language acquisition device

What is the concept that suggests that early exposure to language has a significant impact on cognitive development?

Language acquisition device

Nativist views

Language of thought

Age and language learning (correct)

What is the primary application of ELIZA in natural language processing?

Chatbots and conversational systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the direct access hypothesis in word processing during reading?

Lexical access Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transitional probabilities in language processing?

To parse streams of sound into words Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where language learners become less able to recognize phonemes from non-native languages as they age?

Hardening of the categories Signup and view all the answers

At what age do English-speaking listeners tend to lose the ability to perceive the Hindi t sound difference?

By age 1 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of subtle phoneme differences in non-native languages can infants perceive at birth or a few weeks after?

95% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following languages is known for its difficulty in distinguishing between the English r and l sounds?

Japanese Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the language acquisition device in the brain, according to Chomsky?

To receive input for language acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of high anxiety on language acquisition?

It blocks the input into the language acquisition device Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to minimize anxiety in language acquisition?

To facilitate language acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between motivation and language acquisition?

Positive correlation Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the language partner in describing pictures?

To describe the picture in a way that is easy to understand Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assumption in Fodor's model of language learning?

The language of thought is innate and cannot be learned. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between Chomsky's model and Fodor's model of language learning?

Chomsky's model emphasizes the role of environment in language learning, while Fodor's model emphasizes the role of innate abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the poverty of stimulus argument in language learning?

Children are not exposed to enough information to learn language and therefore must rely on innate abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the language acquisition device in Chomsky's model?

It is an innate ability that is present from birth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in testing the claim of innatism in language learning?

Designing experiments that can isolate the effects of innate abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the parallel model of single-word processing supported by the PET study?

Words are processed in parallel rather than serially. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia?

Phonological dyslexia is characterized by severe impairment in reading phonetic script, whereas surface dyslexia is characterized by impairment in reading pictographic script. Signup and view all the answers

According to the direct access hypothesis, what is the primary mechanism for accessing word meaning?

Direct access to word meaning without subvocalization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of skilled adult readers according to the research?

They use direct access to read words. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the results of the PET study for language processing?

Language processing involves parallel activation of multiple areas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of beginning and less skilled readers according to the research?

They sound out words to understand meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the learning disability that interferes with reading despite average or above-average intelligence?

Dyslexia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the fixation point in the PET study?

To focus the participants' attention. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Condition 2a and Condition 2b in the PET study?

Condition 2a involved reading silently, whereas Condition 2b involved listening to words. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the research for language acquisition?

Language acquisition is more efficient through direct access. Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated average number of new words learned by an average adult between ages 2 and 18?

7 words per day Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of speakers required for a language to survive the ages?

100,000 speakers Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world's children are raised as bilingual speakers?

66% of the world's children Signup and view all the answers

How many languages are estimated to exist in the world today?

6500 languages Signup and view all the answers

What was the working vocabulary of the gorilla Koko?

Over 1000 signs Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of accuracy in language recognition at 10-12 months according to Werker's research?

20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated difference in the number of words heard by a child from a professional family compared to a child from a poverty-stricken family by age 3?

30 million words Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of TV talk on vocabulary acquisition in infants according to DeLoache's study?

It is detrimental to vocabulary acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed explanation for the racial and socioeconomic gap in academic performance according to some researchers?

Disparities in language exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the finding that the number of words heard by children from their caregivers before age 3 affects their IQ and academic performance?

Language exposure has a significant impact on cognitive development Signup and view all the answers