40 Questions
What is the primary challenge to nativist views of language learning?
Connectionist models of past tense acquisition
What is the primary focus of Bayesian language learning?
Word segmentation
What is the concept that suggests that early exposure to language has a significant impact on cognitive development?
Age and language learning
What is the primary application of ELIZA in natural language processing?
Chatbots and conversational systems
What is the primary focus of the direct access hypothesis in word processing during reading?
Lexical access
What is the primary function of transitional probabilities in language processing?
To parse streams of sound into words
What is the term for the phenomenon where language learners become less able to recognize phonemes from non-native languages as they age?
Hardening of the categories
At what age do English-speaking listeners tend to lose the ability to perceive the Hindi t sound difference?
By age 1
What percentage of subtle phoneme differences in non-native languages can infants perceive at birth or a few weeks after?
95%
Which of the following languages is known for its difficulty in distinguishing between the English r and l sounds?
Japanese
What is the role of the language acquisition device in the brain, according to Chomsky?
To receive input for language acquisition
What is the impact of high anxiety on language acquisition?
It blocks the input into the language acquisition device
Why is it important to minimize anxiety in language acquisition?
To facilitate language acquisition
What is the relationship between motivation and language acquisition?
Positive correlation
What is the goal of the language partner in describing pictures?
To describe the picture in a way that is easy to understand
What is the primary assumption in Fodor's model of language learning?
The language of thought is innate and cannot be learned.
What is the key difference between Chomsky's model and Fodor's model of language learning?
Chomsky's model emphasizes the role of environment in language learning, while Fodor's model emphasizes the role of innate abilities.
What is the primary implication of the poverty of stimulus argument in language learning?
Children are not exposed to enough information to learn language and therefore must rely on innate abilities.
What is the role of the language acquisition device in Chomsky's model?
It is an innate ability that is present from birth.
What is the primary challenge in testing the claim of innatism in language learning?
Designing experiments that can isolate the effects of innate abilities.
What is the primary implication of the parallel model of single-word processing supported by the PET study?
Words are processed in parallel rather than serially.
What is the main difference between phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia?
Phonological dyslexia is characterized by severe impairment in reading phonetic script, whereas surface dyslexia is characterized by impairment in reading pictographic script.
According to the direct access hypothesis, what is the primary mechanism for accessing word meaning?
Direct access to word meaning without subvocalization.
What is the characteristic of skilled adult readers according to the research?
They use direct access to read words.
What is the primary implication of the results of the PET study for language processing?
Language processing involves parallel activation of multiple areas.
What is the characteristic of beginning and less skilled readers according to the research?
They sound out words to understand meaning.
What is the term for the learning disability that interferes with reading despite average or above-average intelligence?
Dyslexia
What is the primary function of the fixation point in the PET study?
To focus the participants' attention.
What is the primary difference between Condition 2a and Condition 2b in the PET study?
Condition 2a involved reading silently, whereas Condition 2b involved listening to words.
What is the primary implication of the research for language acquisition?
Language acquisition is more efficient through direct access.
What is the estimated average number of new words learned by an average adult between ages 2 and 18?
7 words per day
What is the minimum number of speakers required for a language to survive the ages?
100,000 speakers
What percentage of the world's children are raised as bilingual speakers?
66% of the world's children
How many languages are estimated to exist in the world today?
6500 languages
What was the working vocabulary of the gorilla Koko?
Over 1000 signs
What is the percentage of accuracy in language recognition at 10-12 months according to Werker's research?
20%
What is the estimated difference in the number of words heard by a child from a professional family compared to a child from a poverty-stricken family by age 3?
30 million words
What is the effect of TV talk on vocabulary acquisition in infants according to DeLoache's study?
It is detrimental to vocabulary acquisition
What is the proposed explanation for the racial and socioeconomic gap in academic performance according to some researchers?
Disparities in language exposure
What is the implication of the finding that the number of words heard by children from their caregivers before age 3 affects their IQ and academic performance?
Language exposure has a significant impact on cognitive development
Explore the impact of early language exposure on cognitive development and IQ. Learn how the number of words heard in early childhood affects academic performance and IQ. Discover the significant differences in language exposure between children from poverty-stricken and professional families.
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