Language Development in Early Childhood

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary challenge to nativist views of language learning?

  • The language of thought
  • The language acquisition device
  • Connectionist models of past tense acquisition (correct)
  • The idea that language is a rule-governed activity

What is the primary focus of Bayesian language learning?

  • Language of thought
  • Neural networks in language processing
  • Word segmentation (correct)
  • Language acquisition device

What is the concept that suggests that early exposure to language has a significant impact on cognitive development?

  • Language acquisition device
  • Nativist views
  • Language of thought
  • Age and language learning (correct)

What is the primary application of ELIZA in natural language processing?

<p>Chatbots and conversational systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the direct access hypothesis in word processing during reading?

<p>Lexical access (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transitional probabilities in language processing?

<p>To parse streams of sound into words (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where language learners become less able to recognize phonemes from non-native languages as they age?

<p>Hardening of the categories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do English-speaking listeners tend to lose the ability to perceive the Hindi t sound difference?

<p>By age 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of subtle phoneme differences in non-native languages can infants perceive at birth or a few weeks after?

<p>95% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following languages is known for its difficulty in distinguishing between the English r and l sounds?

<p>Japanese (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the language acquisition device in the brain, according to Chomsky?

<p>To receive input for language acquisition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of high anxiety on language acquisition?

<p>It blocks the input into the language acquisition device (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to minimize anxiety in language acquisition?

<p>To facilitate language acquisition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between motivation and language acquisition?

<p>Positive correlation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the language partner in describing pictures?

<p>To describe the picture in a way that is easy to understand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assumption in Fodor's model of language learning?

<p>The language of thought is innate and cannot be learned. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between Chomsky's model and Fodor's model of language learning?

<p>Chomsky's model emphasizes the role of environment in language learning, while Fodor's model emphasizes the role of innate abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the poverty of stimulus argument in language learning?

<p>Children are not exposed to enough information to learn language and therefore must rely on innate abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the language acquisition device in Chomsky's model?

<p>It is an innate ability that is present from birth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in testing the claim of innatism in language learning?

<p>Designing experiments that can isolate the effects of innate abilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the parallel model of single-word processing supported by the PET study?

<p>Words are processed in parallel rather than serially. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia?

<p>Phonological dyslexia is characterized by severe impairment in reading phonetic script, whereas surface dyslexia is characterized by impairment in reading pictographic script. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the direct access hypothesis, what is the primary mechanism for accessing word meaning?

<p>Direct access to word meaning without subvocalization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of skilled adult readers according to the research?

<p>They use direct access to read words. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the results of the PET study for language processing?

<p>Language processing involves parallel activation of multiple areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of beginning and less skilled readers according to the research?

<p>They sound out words to understand meaning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the learning disability that interferes with reading despite average or above-average intelligence?

<p>Dyslexia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the fixation point in the PET study?

<p>To focus the participants' attention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Condition 2a and Condition 2b in the PET study?

<p>Condition 2a involved reading silently, whereas Condition 2b involved listening to words. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the research for language acquisition?

<p>Language acquisition is more efficient through direct access. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated average number of new words learned by an average adult between ages 2 and 18?

<p>7 words per day (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of speakers required for a language to survive the ages?

<p>100,000 speakers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world's children are raised as bilingual speakers?

<p>66% of the world's children (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many languages are estimated to exist in the world today?

<p>6500 languages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the working vocabulary of the gorilla Koko?

<p>Over 1000 signs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of accuracy in language recognition at 10-12 months according to Werker's research?

<p>20% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated difference in the number of words heard by a child from a professional family compared to a child from a poverty-stricken family by age 3?

<p>30 million words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of TV talk on vocabulary acquisition in infants according to DeLoache's study?

<p>It is detrimental to vocabulary acquisition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed explanation for the racial and socioeconomic gap in academic performance according to some researchers?

<p>Disparities in language exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the finding that the number of words heard by children from their caregivers before age 3 affects their IQ and academic performance?

<p>Language exposure has a significant impact on cognitive development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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