Chapter 12 - Cognitive Control

Questions and Answers

What does the ventral-dorsal gradient reflect in its organization?

Emotional responses to stimuli

Maintenance and manipulation tasks (correct)

Communication between brain hemispheres

General abstract thinking and reasoning

The frontal pole is associated with less abstract representations.

False

What are the two primary visual pathways mentioned in the content?

Ventral and dorsal visual pathways

The _____ cortex is where abstract intentions are translated into movement.

primary motor Signup and view all the answers

Match the following gradients with their descriptions:

Ventral-Dorsal = Organized in terms of maintenance and manipulation Anterior-Posterior = Varies in abstraction levels Lateral-Medial = Relates to memory influenced by environment or personal history Signup and view all the answers

Which region integrates external information relevant for goal-oriented behavior?

Lateral regions of PFC Signup and view all the answers

Neurons in the PFC of monkeys are inactive during the delay period in delayed-response tasks.

False Signup and view all the answers

What concept is working memory based on, according to the content?

Combination of task goal and relevant knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Which gradient does NOT contribute to PFC processing differences?

Causal-teleological Signup and view all the answers

Dopamine activity increases regardless of whether the reinforcement is positive or negative.

True Signup and view all the answers

What must a participant choose between in the decision-making scenario described?

An immediate reward of modest value or a delayed larger reward. Signup and view all the answers

The _____ predicts the BOLD response in the ventral striatum.

prediction errors Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cues with their associated outcomes:

Cue A = Neutral outcome Cue B = Positive outcome Cue C = Negative outcome Cue D = Varied outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative reward prediction error indicate?

A reward is predicted but does not occur. Signup and view all the answers

In decision making, it is always better to choose the option with the higher immediate payoff.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which system do neurons that code for valence belong to?

Dopamine system Signup and view all the answers

Which factors contribute to the subjective value of an item?

Payoff amount, probability, effort/cost, and temporal discounting Signup and view all the answers

Reward prediction error (RPE) is solely based on the actual reward received.

False Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is primarily implicated in value representation?

Orbitofrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

In preparing for an exam, a conscientious student develops an ________.

action plan Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Reward prediction error = Difference between expected and actual reward Orbitofrontal cortex = Brain region involved in value representation Goal planning = Developing subgoals to achieve a main goal DA neurons = Neurons coding prediction errors and salience Signup and view all the answers

What must be determined to achieve subgoals?

The requirements for each subgoal Signup and view all the answers

Anticipating consequences is unnecessary when choosing between goals.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'temporal discounting' in the context of value representation?

The decrease in perceived value of a reward as the delay to its receipt increases. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of cognitive control?

Planning, controlling, and regulating information processing Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive control does not play a role in goal-oriented behavior.

False Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is necessary for working memory?

Prefrontal Cortex Signup and view all the answers

Patients with ______ lesions may exhibit difficulty in executing a plan.

frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the prefrontal cortex to their descriptions:

Lateral prefrontal cortex = Planning and decision-making Frontal pole = Integration of information Orbitofrontal cortex = Value representation and risk assessment Medial frontal cortex = Self-initiated action Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can compromise mental health?

Adequate sleep Signup and view all the answers

Working memory is essential for cognitive control.

True Signup and view all the answers

What deficits are often found in individuals with compromised cognitive control?

Difficulty executing plans and stimulus-driven behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT necessary for the successful execution of an action plan?

Ignoring unrelated goals Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive control is important only when dealing with a single goal.

False Signup and view all the answers

What region of the brain is primarily involved in the retrieval and selection of task-relevant information?

Prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

The prefrontal cortex helps make _____ selection more efficient.

action Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Cognitive Control = Maintaining focus on multiple goals Prefrontal Cortex = Dynamic filtering mechanism Action Selection = Choosing the appropriate action among options Task-Relevant Information = Information that aids in achieving goals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a potential cost of using experience to guide action selection?

Rigidity in selecting actions Signup and view all the answers

With practice, individuals become less efficient in shifting between different goals.

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens to task-relevant information in working memory according to the cognitive processes involved in goal-oriented behavior?

It is activated and maintained Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognitive Control Overview

Cognitive control encompasses mental abilities like planning, information regulation, and behavior management.
Essential for flexible, goal-oriented actions, enabling efficient information processing.

Prefrontal Cortex Functions

Four main components: lateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, orbitofrontal cortex, medial frontal cortex.
Crucial for supporting working memory but not associative memory.
Involved in the maintenance and manipulation of information during cognitive tasks.

Cognitive Control Deficits

Frontal lobe lesions impair planning and can lead to stimulus-driven behavior.
Cognitive control deficits are prevalent in psychiatric disorders and influenced by stress and loneliness.

Working Memory

Defined as the information combining task goals with relevant perceptual and long-term knowledge.
Neurons in the prefrontal cortex show sustained activity during delay periods in tasks, indicating how information remains active.

Organizational Principles of Prefrontal Cortex

Ventral-dorsal gradient: organization based on maintenance and manipulation of knowledge.
Anterior-posterior gradient: anterior regions engage in abstract thought, while posterior areas translate intentions into actions.
Lateral-medial gradient: lateral areas focus on external task-relevant information, medial regions relate to personal history and emotions.

Decision Making and Value Assessment

Decision-making evaluates expected outcomes among multiple options.
Subjective value includes variables like payoff amount, context, and probability.
The orbitofrontal cortex plays a role in representing value and incorporates reward prediction errors for updating value information.

Goal Planning and Action Execution

Successful goal execution requires goal identification, subgoal development, and anticipation of consequences.
Retrieving and selecting task-relevant information is crucial for maintaining focus and achieving goals.

Cognitive Control in Multitasking

Cognitive control aids in maintaining multiple unrelated goals, enhancing efficiency through learned connectivity patterns.
Task-relevant information selection streamlines action selection processes, although it may introduce cognitive costs.

Neural Mechanisms

Changes in Dopamine neuron activity illustrate prediction errors and salience signaling for decision-making and goal-oriented behavior.
Relying on external cues can override internal predictive processes, highlighting the dynamic nature of cognitive control in response to environmental changes.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on cognitive control mechanisms related to planning, working memory, and decision-making. Explore the neural processes that allow organisms to execute complex behaviors and how they manage task-relevant information. This quiz will challenge your understanding of the brain's ability to evaluate sensory information for making decisions.

Chapter 12 - Cognitive Control

Questions and Answers

What does the ventral-dorsal gradient reflect in its organization?

The frontal pole is associated with less abstract representations.

What are the two primary visual pathways mentioned in the content?

The _____ cortex is where abstract intentions are translated into movement.

Match the following gradients with their descriptions:

Which region integrates external information relevant for goal-oriented behavior?

Neurons in the PFC of monkeys are inactive during the delay period in delayed-response tasks.

What concept is working memory based on, according to the content?

Which gradient does NOT contribute to PFC processing differences?

Dopamine activity increases regardless of whether the reinforcement is positive or negative.

What must a participant choose between in the decision-making scenario described?

The _____ predicts the BOLD response in the ventral striatum.

Match the following cues with their associated outcomes:

What does a negative reward prediction error indicate?

In decision making, it is always better to choose the option with the higher immediate payoff.

Which system do neurons that code for valence belong to?

Which factors contribute to the subjective value of an item?

Reward prediction error (RPE) is solely based on the actual reward received.

What part of the brain is primarily implicated in value representation?

In preparing for an exam, a conscientious student develops an ________.

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

What must be determined to achieve subgoals?

Anticipating consequences is unnecessary when choosing between goals.

What is meant by the term 'temporal discounting' in the context of value representation?

What is a primary function of cognitive control?

Cognitive control does not play a role in goal-oriented behavior.

What part of the brain is necessary for working memory?

Patients with ______ lesions may exhibit difficulty in executing a plan.

Match the components of the prefrontal cortex to their descriptions:

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can compromise mental health?

Working memory is essential for cognitive control.

What deficits are often found in individuals with compromised cognitive control?

Which component is NOT necessary for the successful execution of an action plan?

Cognitive control is important only when dealing with a single goal.

What region of the brain is primarily involved in the retrieval and selection of task-relevant information?

The prefrontal cortex helps make _____ selection more efficient.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Which of the following describes a potential cost of using experience to guide action selection?

With practice, individuals become less efficient in shifting between different goals.

What happens to task-relevant information in working memory according to the cognitive processes involved in goal-oriented behavior?

Study Notes

Cognitive Control Overview

Prefrontal Cortex Functions

Cognitive Control Deficits

Working Memory

Organizational Principles of Prefrontal Cortex

Decision Making and Value Assessment

Goal Planning and Action Execution

Cognitive Control in Multitasking

Neural Mechanisms

Studying That Suits You

Description

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