Chapter 12 - Cognitive Control
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Questions and Answers

What does the ventral-dorsal gradient reflect in its organization?

  • Emotional responses to stimuli
  • Maintenance and manipulation tasks (correct)
  • Communication between brain hemispheres
  • General abstract thinking and reasoning

    • The frontal pole is associated with less abstract representations.

    False

    What are the two primary visual pathways mentioned in the content?

    Ventral and dorsal visual pathways

    The _____ cortex is where abstract intentions are translated into movement.

    <p>primary motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gradients with their descriptions:

    <p>Ventral-Dorsal = Organized in terms of maintenance and manipulation Anterior-Posterior = Varies in abstraction levels Lateral-Medial = Relates to memory influenced by environment or personal history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region integrates external information relevant for goal-oriented behavior?

    <p>Lateral regions of PFC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons in the PFC of monkeys are inactive during the delay period in delayed-response tasks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is working memory based on, according to the content?

    <p>Combination of task goal and relevant knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gradient does NOT contribute to PFC processing differences?

    <p>Causal-teleological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dopamine activity increases regardless of whether the reinforcement is positive or negative.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ predicts the BOLD response in the ventral striatum.

    <p>prediction errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cues with their associated outcomes:

    <p>Cue A = Neutral outcome Cue B = Positive outcome Cue C = Negative outcome Cue D = Varied outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative reward prediction error indicate?

    <p>A reward is predicted but does not occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In decision making, it is always better to choose the option with the higher immediate payoff.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system do neurons that code for valence belong to?

    <p>Dopamine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors contribute to the subjective value of an item?

    <p>Payoff amount, probability, effort/cost, and temporal discounting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reward prediction error (RPE) is solely based on the actual reward received.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is primarily implicated in value representation?

    <p>Orbitofrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Reward prediction error = Difference between expected and actual reward Orbitofrontal cortex = Brain region involved in value representation Goal planning = Developing subgoals to achieve a main goal DA neurons = Neurons coding prediction errors and salience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'temporal discounting' in the context of value representation?

    <p>The decrease in perceived value of a reward as the delay to its receipt increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of cognitive control?

    <p>Planning, controlling, and regulating information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive control does not play a role in goal-oriented behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is necessary for working memory?

    <p>Prefrontal Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with ______ lesions may exhibit difficulty in executing a plan.

    <p>frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of the prefrontal cortex to their descriptions:

    <p>Lateral prefrontal cortex = Planning and decision-making Frontal pole = Integration of information Orbitofrontal cortex = Value representation and risk assessment Medial frontal cortex = Self-initiated action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can compromise mental health?

    <p>Adequate sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Working memory is essential for cognitive control.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deficits are often found in individuals with compromised cognitive control?

    <p>Difficulty executing plans and stimulus-driven behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive control is important only when dealing with a single goal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the brain is primarily involved in the retrieval and selection of task-relevant information?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prefrontal cortex helps make _____ selection more efficient.

    <p>action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Cognitive Control = Maintaining focus on multiple goals Prefrontal Cortex = Dynamic filtering mechanism Action Selection = Choosing the appropriate action among options Task-Relevant Information = Information that aids in achieving goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a potential cost of using experience to guide action selection?

    <p>Rigidity in selecting actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With practice, individuals become less efficient in shifting between different goals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to task-relevant information in working memory according to the cognitive processes involved in goal-oriented behavior?

    <p>It is activated and maintained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Control Overview

    • Cognitive control encompasses mental abilities like planning, information regulation, and behavior management.
    • Essential for flexible, goal-oriented actions, enabling efficient information processing.

    Prefrontal Cortex Functions

    • Four main components: lateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, orbitofrontal cortex, medial frontal cortex.
    • Crucial for supporting working memory but not associative memory.
    • Involved in the maintenance and manipulation of information during cognitive tasks.

    Cognitive Control Deficits

    • Frontal lobe lesions impair planning and can lead to stimulus-driven behavior.
    • Cognitive control deficits are prevalent in psychiatric disorders and influenced by stress and loneliness.

    Working Memory

    • Defined as the information combining task goals with relevant perceptual and long-term knowledge.
    • Neurons in the prefrontal cortex show sustained activity during delay periods in tasks, indicating how information remains active.

    Organizational Principles of Prefrontal Cortex

    • Ventral-dorsal gradient: organization based on maintenance and manipulation of knowledge.
    • Anterior-posterior gradient: anterior regions engage in abstract thought, while posterior areas translate intentions into actions.
    • Lateral-medial gradient: lateral areas focus on external task-relevant information, medial regions relate to personal history and emotions.

    Decision Making and Value Assessment

    • Decision-making evaluates expected outcomes among multiple options.
    • Subjective value includes variables like payoff amount, context, and probability.
    • The orbitofrontal cortex plays a role in representing value and incorporates reward prediction errors for updating value information.

    Goal Planning and Action Execution

    • Successful goal execution requires goal identification, subgoal development, and anticipation of consequences.
    • Retrieving and selecting task-relevant information is crucial for maintaining focus and achieving goals.

    Cognitive Control in Multitasking

    • Cognitive control aids in maintaining multiple unrelated goals, enhancing efficiency through learned connectivity patterns.
    • Task-relevant information selection streamlines action selection processes, although it may introduce cognitive costs.

    Neural Mechanisms

    • Changes in Dopamine neuron activity illustrate prediction errors and salience signaling for decision-making and goal-oriented behavior.
    • Relying on external cues can override internal predictive processes, highlighting the dynamic nature of cognitive control in response to environmental changes.

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    Related Documents

    Chapter 12 - Cog. Control.docx

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cognitive control mechanisms related to planning, working memory, and decision-making. Explore the neural processes that allow organisms to execute complex behaviors and how they manage task-relevant information. This quiz will challenge your understanding of the brain's ability to evaluate sensory information for making decisions.

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