Cognitive Control and Brain Functions
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in maintaining goals in working memory?

  • Frontal pole
  • Lateral prefrontal cortex (correct)
  • Medial prefrontal cortex
  • Parietal cortex

    • What is essential for goal-directed action in cognitive control?

  • Triggering behaviors without intention
  • Automatic responses to stimuli
  • Immediate response to context
  • Knowledge of the relationship between actions and outcomes (correct)

    • What function does dynamic filtering serve in cognitive control?

  • Inhibition of unwanted behaviors (correct)
  • Prioritizing irrelevant information
  • Maintaining long-term memories
  • Facilitating automatic responses

    • Where does conflict monitoring primarily occur in the brain?

    <p>Medial prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive control require for behaviors to be influenced by goals?

    <p>Voluntary action and planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of habits in terms of cognitive control?

    <p>They are not influenced by specific goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the lateral prefrontal cortex play in cognitive control?

    <p>Filtering distractions unrelated to goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of cognitive control allows for shifts in behavior based on changing goals?

    <p>Goal-dependent inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?

    <p>Monitoring goal achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which task is specifically impaired by lesions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC)?

    <p>Delayed-response tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During delay-period activity in an oculomotor delayed response task, which neurons are involved?

    <p>Lateral PFC neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of lateral PFC neurons allows them to adapt to changing tasks?

    <p>Task-specific selectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an integrative model of goal-directed processing, what does the lateral PFC primarily represent?

    <p>Task goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities does not contribute to the delay-period activity in lateral PFC neurons?

    <p>Processing visual sensory input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the posterior cortex play in relation to the lateral PFC?

    <p>Representing task-relevant information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do prefrontal cortex (PFC) lesions affect associative-memory control tasks?

    <p>They have no impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?

    <p>Monitoring goal achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which task demonstrates the highest level of abstraction in the prefrontal cortex hierarchy?

    <p>Context task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do patients with prefrontal cortex lesions struggle with in relation to action hierarchy?

    <p>Establishing subgoals for planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of action goals does the prefrontal cortex relate to?

    <p>Complexity and abstraction level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an fMRI study, which task involves mapping colors to texture-response mapping?

    <p>Feature task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the lateral prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Maintenance of goals in working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive function primarily involves the medial prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Monitoring errors and conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of cognitive control systems, what distinguishes goal-directed behavior from stimulus-response behavior?

    <p>Stimulus-response outcomes rely less on working memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavioral deficits may occur due to lesions in the prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Complex cognitive control deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily associated with the attentional filtering role of the lateral prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Shifting between multiple tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of working memory as it relates to cognitive control?

    <p>It only retains information temporarily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the interaction of the lateral PFC with posterior cortex?

    <p>It sustains task goals in working memory using sensory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain is primarily responsible for monitoring goal achievement and response conflict?

    <p>Anterior cingulate cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lateral PFC in relation to task goals?

    <p>Dynamic filtering of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the activity in the posterior cortex when task goals are present?

    <p>It enhances task-relevant information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of lateral PFC lesions on attentional selection?

    <p>Reduced enhancement of attended tones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the stop-signal task, which area activates in response to the stop signal?

    <p>Inferior frontal gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the subthalamic nucleus in action inhibition?

    <p>Facilitating the aborting of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attentional mechanism describes the lateral PFC's role in information selection?

    <p>Dynamic filtering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences fMRI activity in category-selective higher-level visual cortex?

    <p>Task goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During successful stop trials in the stop-signal task, which area is likely to exhibit high activation levels?

    <p>Motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of cognitive control is primarily managed by the medial prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Conflict monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lateral prefrontal cortex in cognitive control?

    <p>Enhancement and suppression of information according to goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) play in conflict monitoring?

    <p>It detects response conflicts and increases activity in the lateral PFC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive control process is associated with the decrease in activity in the cognitive control network before an error occurs?

    <p>Error-related negativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which task does the medial prefrontal cortex show increased activity due to response conflicts?

    <p>Stroop task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the activity in the default mode network before an error is made?

    <p>It increases steadily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary components linked to the medial prefrontal cortex during error detection?

    <p>Error-related negativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the function of dynamic filtering in cognitive control?

    <p>It involves the suppression of irrelevant information based on the current task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area of the brain does goal-directed behavior mainly occur?

    <p>Lateral prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the activity in the ACC after an incongruent trial in the Stroop task?

    <p>Increased need for conflict monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the function of the ACC?

    <p>It can detect conflicts even when errors are rare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the posterior-to-anterior gradient in the ACC?

    <p>It reflects the complexity and abstraction of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cognitive control tasks, what is the significance of the steady decrease in activity before an error?

    <p>It represents preparation for possible conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome does increased activity in the lateral PFC indicate after the ACC signals a conflict?

    <p>Reactivation of the relevant goal in working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Control Overview

    • Cognitive control involves the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and is essential for directing behavior based on goals rather than solely reacting to stimuli.
    • Working memory within cognitive control involves holding information active in mind for processing.
    • Dynamic filtering and inhibition mechanisms in the PFC allow selective focus on relevant information while suppressing distractions.
    • A hierarchy of goals exists within the PFC, with different levels of complexity demanding varying degrees of cognitive control.
    • Monitoring in the medial PFC, especially the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), detects errors, processes feedback, and adjusts cognitive control accordingly.

    Prefrontal Control Systems

    • Goal-directed behavior relies on the lateral PFC (frontal pole) for maintaining goals, filtering information, and planning complex actions.
    • Conflict monitoring in the medial PFC (ACC) detects errors, processes feedback, and adjusts cognitive control accordingly.

    Delayed-Response Tasks

    • Tasks require retaining stimulus attributes over a delay period, which is critical for working memory and is impaired by PFC lesions.
    • Associative memory tasks involving a cue-reward association aren't affected by PFC lesions.

    Delay-Period Activity

    • Lateral PFC neurons persistently fire during the delay period of a task, holding relevant information actively in mind.
    • Delay-period activity is seen for various attributes and response modalities.

    PFC Interactions with Posterior Cortex

    • A model of goal-directed processing integrates PFC-mediated goal representation with posterior cortical sensory processing.

    Dynamic Filtering & Suppression

    • Task goals in the lateral PFC influence posterior cortex activity, enhancing relevant and suppressing irrelevant information.
    • Category-specific enhancement and suppression of task-relevant information is observed compared to passive viewing, indicating selectivity.
    • Lateral PFC plays a crucial role in attentional selection, affecting filtering processes.

    Inhibition of Action

    • Stop-signal tasks involve responding to a stimulus and inhibiting the response when a stop signal occurs shortly afterward.
    • The right inferior frontal gyrus is typically activated during stop-signal tasks, involved in response inhibition.

    Conflict Monitoring

    • The Stroop task, a study of conflict monitoring, highlights the process of inhibiting irrelevant stimuli's activation when generating a response.
    • The ACC, particularly during incongruent trials, shows increased activity in conflict situations.
    • Activation in the ACC triggers increased activity in the lateral PFC, reactivating the current goal in working memory..

    Error Detection & Negative Feedback

    • Activity in the cognitive control network (including the medial and lateral PFC) decreases steadily before an error.
    • Activity in the default mode network (like the precuneus) increases before an error.
    • Predicting errors demonstrates a shift between cognitive control and default mode networks.

    Action Hierarchy

    • Making plans, anticipation of consequences and planning for multiple goals are essential for successfully achieving subgoals, which is impaired by PFC lesions.
    • A hierarchy of subgoals and planning abilities are crucial to achieve complex goals, which is impaired in patients with PFC lesions.

    Prefrontal Cortex Hierarchy

    • A study using nested tasks that increase in complexity and abstractness indicated that the PFC has a hierarchical organization according to goal complexity.
    • The posterior PFC handles stimulus response and simple mappings while the anterior PFC handles increasingly complex mappings over time.

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    Related Documents

    Cognitive Control - University of Amsterdam Psychology PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the intricate relationships between cognitive control and various functions of the brain. It covers topics such as working memory, goal-directed action, and the roles of specific brain regions like the lateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. Test your knowledge of cognitive control mechanisms and their implications for behavior.

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