Cognition Week 2: Memory Systems

<p>Words are more easily recalled when they are grouped meaningfully. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the likelihood of successful recall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organizing information meaningfully. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chunking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to categorize the ideas for better recall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complications may develop in the tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It caused misinterpretation of the information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help in organizing and interpreting information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Words were recalled with more accuracy when meaning was assigned. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recall accuracy may diminish significantly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recall is better when the context matches the original learning environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prioritize a few tasks for more effective completion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preserved cognitive abilities (A), Intact episodic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior frontal and anterior temporal lobes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They dynamically interact and affect each other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effort to derive meaning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve as structured representations of knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants added personal experiences to the stories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discuss the chef's biography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Errors made were consistent with their existing knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They determine the content of knowledge schemas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand the role of meaning in memory organization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Is TABLE in upper case? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep processing leads to better recognition of previously studied words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deciding if two words rhyme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depth of processing meaning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional judgment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Engaging with the intrinsic meaning of the information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fourth group of test subjects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention to the material and its organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intention behind learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Level of processing/Type of processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repetition without context (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memory is linked to specific events in time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic memory is primarily concerned with world knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve different roles in human cognition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater impact on episodic memory than semantic memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic memories do not depend on episodic memory for retrieval. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memories can contribute to the formation of semantic memories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recalling specific past experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory for specific events and experiences at particular times.

Memory for general knowledge, facts, and concepts.

The ability to mentally travel to the past by reliving episodes and the future by anticipating them; key to episodic memory.

Brain structure crucial for episodic memory, but its role in semantic memory is less clear and potentially linked more to acquisition.

Damage to the hippocampus (MTL) leads to a stronger loss of episodic memory compared to semantic memory.

Episodic and semantic memory handle distinct types of information. Episodic is for events, Semantic for facts.

Evidence from brain-damaged patients supports the idea of distinct memory systems (especially the hippocampus), with episodic memory being more vulnerable.

Old semantic memories, acquired in the distant past. Their retrieval may be less affected by hippocampal damage than acquiring new semantic knowledge.

Organizing information in a way that makes sense improves memory.

Words that are easy to visualize are more memorable.

Encoding information both visually and verbally makes it easier to remember.

Processing information at a deeper, more meaningful level leads to better long-term memory.

Related items tend to be recalled together.

Study showing related words are recalled as clusters.

Encoding information visually improves memory. Multiple routes improve chance of retrieval.

Encoding information verbally also improves memory. Multiple routes improve chance of retrieval.

Existing knowledge (schemas) helps understand and remember new information.

Having a title enhances comprehension and recall of a passage.

Existing knowledge affects memory, especially over longer periods.

Giving meaning to information improves storage and recall.

Existing knowledge influences memory accuracy and speed.

Arranging information into groups and piles improves comprehension and memory.

Taking on too many tasks at once creates problems later.

A title provides context for a passage. This makes it easier to recall information later.

A condition causing severe loss of concept knowledge, but leaving episodic memory and other cognitive abilities intact.

Two independent memory systems, one for specific events and experiences, the other for general knowledge.

Important brain region crucial for semantic memory.

Episodic and semantic memory operate as distinct, separate systems in the brain.

Concepts used by the brain to organize and understand information, affecting recall.

Mental frameworks representing knowledge about the world, people, or actions.

Emphasizes the role of meaning and schemas in memory, studying recall errors.

Common events of going to a restaurant.

A study showing how semantic knowledge influences recall of stories.

Distortions of memories during recall.

A theory proposing that deeper processing of information leads to better memory.

Processing information with focus on meaning and connection (semantic processing).

Processing information based on superficial features (e.g., visual, acoustic).

An experiment demonstrating that semantic processing enhances memory more than visual or phonological processing.

Focus on the physical appearance of information.

Processing the sounds of information (e.g., rhyming).

Understanding the meaning of information and connecting it to existing knowledge.

A test to assess the ability to recognize or recall previously encountered information.

Remembering information better when organized meaningfully and actively processed.

Memory encoding actively created via imagery, meaning, and testing helps retain information.

Intention matters less than how deeply you process information.

Matching encoding process and recall process leads to better retrieval.

Organizing information through groups and meaningful relations improves recall.