Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which part of the neuron is responsible for initiating messages?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for initiating messages?
Which type of neuron has more than 2 processes off the cell body?
Which type of neuron has more than 2 processes off the cell body?
How many processes does a bipolar neuron have off the cell body?
How many processes does a bipolar neuron have off the cell body?
What is the function of the dendrites in a neuron?
What is the function of the dendrites in a neuron?
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Where is the nucleus of a neuron located?
Where is the nucleus of a neuron located?
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Which type of neuron has only 1 process off the cell body?
Which type of neuron has only 1 process off the cell body?
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What is the terminus of a neuron responsible for?
What is the terminus of a neuron responsible for?
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Which part of the neuron carries messages down to the terminus?
Which part of the neuron carries messages down to the terminus?
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What is the structural class of a neuron with more than 2 processes off the cell body?
What is the structural class of a neuron with more than 2 processes off the cell body?
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How many processes does a pseudo-unipolar neuron have off the cell body?
How many processes does a pseudo-unipolar neuron have off the cell body?
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Which glial cell is responsible for regulating the neuronal micro-environment and has a role in the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
Which glial cell is responsible for regulating the neuronal micro-environment and has a role in the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
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Which glial cell is found only in the central nervous system (CNS) and is responsible for myelinating cells around axons of neurons?
Which glial cell is found only in the central nervous system (CNS) and is responsible for myelinating cells around axons of neurons?
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Which glial cell is found only in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and is responsible for myelinating cells around axons of neurons?
Which glial cell is found only in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and is responsible for myelinating cells around axons of neurons?
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Which glial cell is responsible for secrete and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which glial cell is responsible for secrete and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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Which type of transport requires energy directly from ATP and moves substances against the concentration gradient?
Which type of transport requires energy directly from ATP and moves substances against the concentration gradient?
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Which ion pump is important in establishing ionic gradients across the membrane of cells, including neurons?
Which ion pump is important in establishing ionic gradients across the membrane of cells, including neurons?
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Which ion has a higher concentration in the intracellular fluid compared to the extracellular fluid?
Which ion has a higher concentration in the intracellular fluid compared to the extracellular fluid?
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Which equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential of an ion?
Which equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential of an ion?
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Which leak channels have the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential in neurons?
Which leak channels have the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential in neurons?
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What term is used to describe the period of time following an action potential when the neuron cannot fire?
What term is used to describe the period of time following an action potential when the neuron cannot fire?
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Which of the following is true about neurotransmitters?
Which of the following is true about neurotransmitters?
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What are the two types of receptors mentioned in the text?
What are the two types of receptors mentioned in the text?
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Which type of receptor is ligand-gated?
Which type of receptor is ligand-gated?
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What are EPSPs and IPSPs?
What are EPSPs and IPSPs?
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What is temporal summation?
What is temporal summation?
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What is spatial summation?
What is spatial summation?
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When presynaptic receptors increase activity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, what occurs?
When presynaptic receptors increase activity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, what occurs?
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When presynaptic receptors decrease activity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, what occurs?
When presynaptic receptors decrease activity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, what occurs?
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What are auto-receptors?
What are auto-receptors?
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Which type of receptor is G-protein coupled?
Which type of receptor is G-protein coupled?
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Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the metabolism of many antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the metabolism of many antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)?
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Which antiepileptic drug is least likely to cause cognitive effects?
Which antiepileptic drug is least likely to cause cognitive effects?
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Which antiepileptic drug is primarily used for chronic neuropathic pain and anxiety?
Which antiepileptic drug is primarily used for chronic neuropathic pain and anxiety?
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Which antiepileptic drug is a GPR55 antagonist and blocks the binding of LPI to GPR55 receptors?
Which antiepileptic drug is a GPR55 antagonist and blocks the binding of LPI to GPR55 receptors?
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Which drug has the most evidence for safe use in pregnancy?
Which drug has the most evidence for safe use in pregnancy?
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Which drug can worsen myoclonic epilepsy in infants?
Which drug can worsen myoclonic epilepsy in infants?
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Which drug has fewer adverse cognitive effects compared to carbamazepine or topiramate?
Which drug has fewer adverse cognitive effects compared to carbamazepine or topiramate?
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Which drug is known to have a higher risk of causing hyponatremia compared to carbamazepine?
Which drug is known to have a higher risk of causing hyponatremia compared to carbamazepine?
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Which drug is NOT associated with the adverse effect of somnolence?
Which drug is NOT associated with the adverse effect of somnolence?
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Which drug is a low threshold calcium channel inhibitor and is the drug of choice for absence seizures?
Which drug is a low threshold calcium channel inhibitor and is the drug of choice for absence seizures?
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Which drug targets a synaptic vesicle protein and decreases the release of excitatory neurotransmitters?
Which drug targets a synaptic vesicle protein and decreases the release of excitatory neurotransmitters?
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Which part of the brain is thought to be the origin of seizures in epilepsy?
Which part of the brain is thought to be the origin of seizures in epilepsy?
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Which type of seizure is characterized by impaired consciousness and often associated with an aura?
Which type of seizure is characterized by impaired consciousness and often associated with an aura?
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Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in simple partial seizures?
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in simple partial seizures?
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What are some manifestations of simple partial seizures?
What are some manifestations of simple partial seizures?
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Which of the following anti-seizure drugs is known to be teratogenic and has a black box warning?
Which of the following anti-seizure drugs is known to be teratogenic and has a black box warning?
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Which anti-seizure drug is recommended as a first-line choice for women of childbearing age, but requires folic acid supplementation due to its anti-folate effect?
Which anti-seizure drug is recommended as a first-line choice for women of childbearing age, but requires folic acid supplementation due to its anti-folate effect?
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Which anti-seizure drugs are known to cause weight gain?
Which anti-seizure drugs are known to cause weight gain?
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Which anti-seizure drugs should be avoided in patients with kidney stones?
Which anti-seizure drugs should be avoided in patients with kidney stones?
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Which medication has the lowest risk during pregnancy?
Which medication has the lowest risk during pregnancy?
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What should be done with medication dose at delivery?
What should be done with medication dose at delivery?
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Which medication should be given to those taking inducers of Vitamin K?
Which medication should be given to those taking inducers of Vitamin K?
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What should be monitored postpartum?
What should be monitored postpartum?
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Which factor decreases fertility in individuals with epilepsy?
Which factor decreases fertility in individuals with epilepsy?
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What factors favor medication withdrawal in individuals with epilepsy?
What factors favor medication withdrawal in individuals with epilepsy?
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Which antiepileptic medication is used for absence seizures and bipolar disorder?
Which antiepileptic medication is used for absence seizures and bipolar disorder?
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Which antiepileptic medication can cause hepatotoxicity and hyperammonemia?
Which antiepileptic medication can cause hepatotoxicity and hyperammonemia?
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Which antiepileptic medication is an inhibitor that increases GABA levels?
Which antiepileptic medication is an inhibitor that increases GABA levels?
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Which antiepileptic medication is an inducer used for focal temporal lobe epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia?
Which antiepileptic medication is an inducer used for focal temporal lobe epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia?
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Study Notes
Antiepileptic Medications: Key Facts and Counseling Points
- Valproate (Depakote) is an inhibitor that increases GABA levels and is used for absence seizures and bipolar disorder.
- Common adverse effects of Valproate include drowsiness, weight gain, hair loss, and polycystic ovarian syndrome.
- Valproate has a therapeutic range of 50-100mg/L and may cause hepatotoxicity and hyperammonemia.
- Lamotrigine levels can be lowered by oral contraceptives, which may increase seizure activity during the placebo week.
- Topiramate (Topamax) is an antiepileptic medication that enhances inhibition and inhibits excitation.
- Common adverse effects of Topiramate include drowsiness, changes in taste, weight loss, and cognitive impairment.
- Zonisamide (Zonergan) is similar to Topiramate and is used as an adjunctive therapy for partial seizures.
- Adverse effects of Zonisamide include dizziness, confusion, anorexia, diarrhea, and weight loss.
- Phenytoin (Dilantin) is an antiepileptic medication that increases GABA response and decreases repetitive firing.
- Common adverse effects of Phenytoin include drowsiness, nystagmus, ataxia, and cognitive dysfunction.
- Phenytoin can cause irreversible neurotoxicity at high levels and has a risk of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is an inducer that is used for focal temporal lobe epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the basics of CNS drugs and their effects on the neuron with this introductory pharmacology quiz. Explore the structure and function of neurons, including the cell body, axons, dendrites, and axon hillock, and learn about how messages are transmitted within the nervous system.
