Cloud Computing Overview and Definitions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of utility computing?

  • All resources are provided for free.
  • Users pay a fixed rate for computing resources.
  • Resources are available only during business hours.
  • Computing resources are packaged as a metered service. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the five essential characteristics of cloud computing?

  • Rapid elasticity
  • On-demand self-service
  • High fixed cost (correct)
  • Resource pooling

    • How is cloud computing best defined?

  • A model for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand network access to shared resources. (correct)
  • A model for exclusively storing data on local servers.
  • A model for limited access to static data.
  • A model for selective access to predefined resources.

    • Which of the following concepts integrates with cloud computing but is difficult to define?

    <p>Utility Computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of the cloud model discussed?

    <p>It allows for minimal service provider interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the elasticity of a PaaS application primarily involve?

    <p>Automatic provisioning of VM or physical resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can customers be billed for PaaS resources?

    <p>By the number of requests or execution time allotted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a PaaS application may not be done automatically?

    <p>Elasticity of the application itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a request-based application, what does the PaaS execution layer ensure?

    <p>Sufficient resources to handle the current volume of requests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer provides the resources for executing PaaS applications?

    <p>IaaS layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does multi-tenancy in cloud computing refer to?

    <p>The use of a single cloud infrastructure to serve multiple customers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic allows resources to be dynamically assigned based on consumer demand?

    <p>Rapid elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by location independence in cloud computing?

    <p>Only a general idea of resource location is provided to consumers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of rapid elasticity in cloud services?

    <p>Resources are provisioned automatically without user intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering pooled computing resources, which of the following is NOT a type of resource typically included?

    <p>Software licensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of functional decomposition in the context of Map/Reduce?

    <p>To break a large problem into smaller, manageable parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with edge computing?

    <p>Increased bandwidth costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a cloud computing environment, which service model allows users to run specific functions without managing the underlying infrastructure?

    <p>Function as a Service (FaaS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Batch Processing?

    <p>Processing data in large, discrete blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main advantages of using parallel computing in Map/Reduce?

    <p>Ability to execute tasks in complete isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines cloud computing?

    <p>A model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of cloud computing refers to the ability to automatically provision and release resources based on demand?

    <p>Elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which service model is characterized by allowing developers to run code without managing servers?

    <p>Function as a Service (FaaS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a system where components communicate and coordinate by passing messages over a network?

    <p>Distributed System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deployment model provides the highest level of security and control, restricting service use to a single organization?

    <p>Private Cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cloud services, what does 'batch processing' typically refer to?

    <p>Processing large volumes of data in single batches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'edge computing' model primarily focus on?

    <p>Reducing latency by processing data closer to the source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which computing model involves the coordination of resource use across multiple administrative domains?

    <p>Grid Computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a hypervisor in hardware-level virtualization?

    <p>To manage virtual machines directly on bare metal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'elasticity' refer to in the context of cloud services?

    <p>The ability to allocate resources based on current demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hardware-level virtualization?

    <p>Requires a separate operating system for each virtual machine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates IaaS from PaaS in terms of resource virtualization?

    <p>IaaS offers only virtualized hardware, while PaaS includes combined resources of multiple VMs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a horizontal approach to scalability in IaaS?

    <p>Partitioning data across multiple virtual machines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are virtualized resources in IaaS primarily composed of?

    <p>Divided portions of CPU, memory, storage, and network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key features of virtualization in cloud services?

    <p>Isolation from hardware failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do modern CPUs provide in virtualization?

    <p>They offer virtualization extensions for better performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes storage in virtualized environments like IaaS?

    <p>It includes virtual hard drives managed by the hypervisor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trigger for resource allocation in elastic cloud environments?

    <p>User-demand influenced by higher-level applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cloud Computing Overview

    • Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, and on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources.
    • Key components include networks, servers, storage, applications, and services.
    • Provisioning of resources and minimal management effort is vital.

    Defining Cloud Computing (NIST)

    • NIST defines cloud computing as a model, encompassing five essential characteristics, three service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), and four deployment models (public, private, community, hybrid).

    Distributed Computing

    • A distributed system is a system whose components are located on different networked computers.
    • Components communicate and coordinate through message passing.
    • Different structures exist, including centralized, peer-to-peer, and hybrid models.

    Grid Computing

    • Grid computing combines computer resources from various administrative domains for a common task.
    • It effectively functions as a virtual supercomputer.

    Utility Computing

    • Utility computing packages computing resources (computation, storage) as a metered service.
    • Customers pay only for the resources they use, similar to traditional utilities.

    Cloud Characteristics

    • On-demand self-service: Provisioning computing capabilities without human interaction.
    • Broad network access: Capabilities available over a network.
    • Resource pooling: Multiple customers share the same infrastructure.
    • Rapid elasticity: Scalability—both up and down—can be done automatically.
    • Measured service: Metering of resource consumption.

    Service Models

    • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Consumers provision virtualized computing resources (e.g., VMs, processing, storage, network, GPU).
    • Platform as a Service (PaaS): Enables the deployment, management, and execution of consumer or acquired applications.
    • Software as a Service (SaaS): Customers use provider applications over the cloud provider's infrastructure.

    Deployment Models

    • Public cloud: Open to the general public.
    • Private cloud: Exclusive use by one organization.
    • Community cloud: Shared use by a specific community of consumers.
    • Hybrid cloud: A combination of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures.

    Virtualization

    • Virtualization decouples physical resources into virtual resources, improving resource sharing, configurations, and isolation (reliability).
    • Various virtualization levels exist, including hardware-level virtualization in IaaS and the combination of resources in PaaS/SaaS.

    Elasticity

    • Elasticity enables dynamically scaling resources up or down based on user demand.
    • This can be applied at different levels (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS).
    • Scalability, often described as horizontal or vertical approaches (e.g., IaaS allows allocating new VM instances.)

    Data Storage in The Cloud

    • File storage: Typical abstractions like filesystems, folders, files, emulating local devices.
    • Object storage: Storing objects (and metadata) using unique IDs.
    • Block storage: Low-level storage emulation akin to a fixed storage block, potentially mountable as a networked hard disk.
    • Distributed file systems: Spread data across multiple nodes.

    Map/Reduce

    • Map/Reduce uses functional decomposition to break down large problems into smaller, independent tasks.
    • Processes, such as word counting, can be distributed.

    Publish/Subscribe Paradigm

    • Decouples content producers (publishers) from consumers (subscribers)
    • This offers flexibility in dealing with different subscriptions and publications.

    Serviceless Computing (Function as a Service, FaaS)

    • Applications are made up of functions executed by events.
    • FaaS functions are stateless.

    Edge Computing

    • Processing data as close as possible to where it's generated.
    • Reasons for edge computing include limited connectivity and lower latency.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the essential concepts of cloud computing, including its definition by NIST. It covers various computing models such as distributed and grid computing, along with their characteristics and structures. Test your understanding of the key components and types of cloud services.

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