Clinical Manifestations of Kidney Disease
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Questions and Answers

What is a possible cause of accelerated atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure?

  • Coronary heart disease
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperlipidemia (correct)
  • Uremic cardiomyopathy

    • Which type of breathing pattern is seen in chronic renal failure?

  • Hyperventilation
  • Bradypnea
  • Tachypnea
  • Kussmaul's breathing (correct)

    • What is a common gastrointestinal manifestation of chronic renal failure?

  • Gastroesophageal reflux
  • Hematemesis
  • Diarrhea
  • Constipation (correct)

    • Which of the following is a complication of chronic renal failure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible neurological manifestation of chronic renal failure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common respiratory manifestation of chronic renal failure?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible genital manifestation of chronic renal failure in males?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible skin manifestation of chronic renal failure?

    <p>Pruritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of anemia in patients with chronic renal failure?

    <p>Decreased erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of muscle cramps in patients with chronic renal failure?

    <p>Decrease in sodium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition characterized by deposits of urea crystals on the skin?

    <p>Uraemic frost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of bleeding tendency in patients with chronic renal failure?

    <p>Platelets dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition characterized by pigmentation of the skin in patients with chronic renal failure?

    <p>Pigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of osteomalacia in patients with chronic renal failure?

    <p>Hyperphosphatemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition characterized by confusion and coma in patients with chronic renal failure?

    <p>Uraemic encephalopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of osteitis fibrosa cystica in patients with chronic renal failure?

    <p>Hyperparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in milliliters per minute?

    <p>120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of chronic renal failure?

    <p>A disease characterized by gradually progressive and irreversible deterioration of renal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of chronic renal failure?

    <p>Chronic pyelonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of acute renal failure characterized by features of acute uremia and hyperkalemia?

    <p>Oliguric stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated daily urine volume in acute renal failure?

    <p>750-1000 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathology of acute renal failure?

    <p>Both toxic and ischemic necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feature of electrolyte imbalance in acute renal failure?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical feature of uraemic syndrome in acute renal failure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hyperdynamic Circulation

    • Salt and water retention
    • Increased renin secretion leading to hypertension
    • Uremic pericarditis and cardiomyopathy
    • Coronary heart disease and cardiac arrhythmia

    Clinical Picture of Chronic Renal Failure

    • Respiratory manifestations:
      • Rapid deep breathing (Kussmaul's breathing)
      • Pulmonary edema due to hypervolemia
      • Pleurisy and pleural effusion
      • Ulcers in respiratory tract
    • GIT manifestations:
      • Stomatitis and dry mouth
      • Unpleasant taste and uremic odor
      • Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting
      • Constipation and bleeding
    • Urinary manifestations:
      • Water disorders
    • Genital manifestations:
      • Male: Impotence and infertility
      • Female: Amenorrhea and infertility
    • Skin manifestations:
      • Pallor and earthy color (muddy or uremic skin)
      • Pigmentation
      • Pruritis
      • Uraemic frost
    • Neurological manifestations:
      • Apathy and psychiatric symptoms
      • Asterixis (flappy tremors)
      • Peripheral neuropathy and proximal myopathy
      • Convulsions and coma
    • Musculoskeletal manifestations:
      • Renal osteodystrophy
      • Bone pain and pathological fractures
      • Myopathy (proximal)
    • Hematological manifestations:
      • Anemia
      • Bleeding tendency
      • Increased liability to infections

    Acute Renal Failure

    • Clinical features:
      • Oliguric stage (1-6 weeks)
      • Features of acute uremia
      • Features of hyperkalemia
      • ECG changes
      • Features of overhydration and acidosis
    • Stages:
      • Oliguric stage
      • Diuretic stage
      • Recovery stage

    Chronic Renal Failure

    • Definition:
      • Gradually progressive and irreversible deterioration of renal function over months or years
      • Reduction of glomerular function rate (GFR) below 10ml/min
    • Manifestation and complication often occur when GFR below 15 ml/min
    • Normal GFR: 120ml/min, measured by creatinine clearance
    • Renal reserve: 50-120 ml/min
    • Renal impairment: 10-50 ml/min
    • Acute renal failure: sudden but irreversible decrease of GFR

    Etiology of Chronic Renal Failure

    • Most common causes: Chronic pyelonephritis and DM
    • Commonest cause: GN (14%)
    • Other causes:
      • Infections: Chronic pyelonephritis, Bilateral renal TB
      • Immune: GN (35%)
      • Metabolic: Diabetic nephropathy, Gouty nephropathy, Nephrocalcinosis, Amyloidosis
      • Malignancy: Multiple myeloma

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    Description

    This quiz covers the clinical symptoms and manifestations of kidney disease, including hypertension, heart disease, and pericarditis.

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