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Questions and Answers
What is the likely cause of blood pressure fluctuations?
What is the likely cause of blood pressure fluctuations?
- Arterial hypertrophy (correct)
- Hypertension
- Arterial dilatation
- Nervous system disorder
What is the consequence of uncontrolled high blood pressure?
What is the consequence of uncontrolled high blood pressure?
- Cardiac instability
- Cerebral vasospasm
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (correct)
- Pulmonary edema
What is the significance of analgesia postoperatively?
What is the significance of analgesia postoperatively?
- It is particularly important for hemodynamic stability (correct)
- It prevents infection
- It reduces the risk of anesthesia
- It enhances cardiac function
What is the effect of higher blood pressure on the body?
What is the effect of higher blood pressure on the body?
What is the outcome of uncontrolled blood pressure fluctuations?
What is the outcome of uncontrolled blood pressure fluctuations?
What is the result of an increase in the volume of one component in the brain?
What is the result of an increase in the volume of one component in the brain?
What is the goal of the brain's volume regulation mechanism?
What is the goal of the brain's volume regulation mechanism?
What happens to the volume of other components when one component increases in volume?
What happens to the volume of other components when one component increases in volume?
What is the primary consequence of an increase in the volume of one component without a corresponding decrease in others?
What is the primary consequence of an increase in the volume of one component without a corresponding decrease in others?
What is the relationship between the volume of one component and the volume of others in the brain?
What is the relationship between the volume of one component and the volume of others in the brain?
What is the primary compensatory mechanism for an increase in intracranial volume?
What is the primary compensatory mechanism for an increase in intracranial volume?
What is the consequence of unchecked increased intracranial pressure?
What is the consequence of unchecked increased intracranial pressure?
What is the ultimate effect of increased intracranial pressure on cerebral perfusion?
What is the ultimate effect of increased intracranial pressure on cerebral perfusion?
What is the significance of the displacement of cerebrospinal fluid into the spinal compartment?
What is the significance of the displacement of cerebrospinal fluid into the spinal compartment?
What is the relationship between intracranial pressure and cerebral edema?
What is the relationship between intracranial pressure and cerebral edema?
What is a possible underlying cause of hypertension?
What is a possible underlying cause of hypertension?
What is the classification of hypertension if the systolic blood pressure is between 140-159 mmHg?
What is the classification of hypertension if the systolic blood pressure is between 140-159 mmHg?
Which of the following is not a possible underlying cause of hypertension?
Which of the following is not a possible underlying cause of hypertension?
What is the diastolic blood pressure range for mild hypertension?
What is the diastolic blood pressure range for mild hypertension?
What is not a possible complication of hypertension?
What is not a possible complication of hypertension?
What is one of the causes of raised ICP?
What is one of the causes of raised ICP?
Which of the following is NOT a space-occupying lesion?
Which of the following is NOT a space-occupying lesion?
What is a complication of meningitis?
What is a complication of meningitis?
Which of the following is an aggravating factor of raised ICP?
Which of the following is an aggravating factor of raised ICP?
What is the effect of fiber-optic bronchoscopy on ICP?
What is the effect of fiber-optic bronchoscopy on ICP?
What is one of the causes of metabolic encephalopathy?
What is one of the causes of metabolic encephalopathy?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of raised ICP?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of raised ICP?
What is the effect of raised intrathoracic pressure on ICP?
What is the effect of raised intrathoracic pressure on ICP?
What is a complication of hydrocephalus?
What is a complication of hydrocephalus?
What is one of the causes of status epilepticus?
What is one of the causes of status epilepticus?
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Study Notes
Blood Pressure and Brain Function
- Fluctuations in blood pressure are likely due to atherosclerosis, which can lead to cerebrovascular disease and heart disease.
- For example, a decrease in blood pressure during induction and an increase during intubation can occur.
Raised Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
- Raised ICP can impede cerebral perfusion, leading to a vicious cycle of hypoperfusion, ischemia, and cerebral edema if left unchecked.
- Abnormal respiratory patterns, such as irregular, bradypnea, and apnea, can occur.
Causes of Raised ICP
- Traumatic brain injury
- Space-occupying lesions (e.g., tumor, abscess)
- Hemorrhage
- Venous thrombosis
- Infection (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis, abscess)
- Hydrocephalus
- Metabolic encephalopathy (e.g., hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypoglycemia, hepatic)
- Status epilepticus
Aggravating Factors
- Venous obstruction (e.g., from poor neck positioning, tube ties, etc.)
- Raised intrathoracic pressure
- Fiber-optic bronchoscopy, which increases ICP significantly but transiently
- Underlying hypertensive disease
- Hypoxia
- Hypercapnia
- Propofol
Hypertension
- Mild hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140-159 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of 90-99 mmHg.
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