30 Questions
What is the likely cause of blood pressure fluctuations?
Arterial hypertrophy
What is the consequence of uncontrolled high blood pressure?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
What is the significance of analgesia postoperatively?
It is particularly important for hemodynamic stability
What is the effect of higher blood pressure on the body?
It increases the risk of cardiac ischemia
What is the outcome of uncontrolled blood pressure fluctuations?
Hemodynamic instability
What is the result of an increase in the volume of one component in the brain?
An equal reduction in the volume of other components
What is the goal of the brain's volume regulation mechanism?
To maintain a constant intracranial pressure (ICP)
What happens to the volume of other components when one component increases in volume?
They decrease in volume
What is the primary consequence of an increase in the volume of one component without a corresponding decrease in others?
An increase in intracranial pressure (ICP)
What is the relationship between the volume of one component and the volume of others in the brain?
They are inversely proportional
What is the primary compensatory mechanism for an increase in intracranial volume?
Shifting of cerebrospinal fluid into the spinal compartment
What is the consequence of unchecked increased intracranial pressure?
Initiation of a vicious cycle of hypoperfusion, ischemia, and cerebral edema
What is the ultimate effect of increased intracranial pressure on cerebral perfusion?
Impaired cerebral perfusion
What is the significance of the displacement of cerebrospinal fluid into the spinal compartment?
It decreases intracranial pressure
What is the relationship between intracranial pressure and cerebral edema?
Intracranial pressure increases cerebral edema
What is a possible underlying cause of hypertension?
Hypertensive disease
What is the classification of hypertension if the systolic blood pressure is between 140-159 mmHg?
Mild hypertension
Which of the following is not a possible underlying cause of hypertension?
Propofol anesthesia
What is the diastolic blood pressure range for mild hypertension?
90-99 mmHg
What is not a possible complication of hypertension?
Anemia
What is one of the causes of raised ICP?
Traumatic brain injury
Which of the following is NOT a space-occupying lesion?
Hypoglycemia
What is a complication of meningitis?
Raised ICP
Which of the following is an aggravating factor of raised ICP?
Venous obstruction
What is the effect of fiber-optic bronchoscopy on ICP?
Increases ICP significantly but transiently
What is one of the causes of metabolic encephalopathy?
Hypoxia
Which of the following is NOT a cause of raised ICP?
Normal blood pressure
What is the effect of raised intrathoracic pressure on ICP?
Increases ICP
What is a complication of hydrocephalus?
Raised ICP
What is one of the causes of status epilepticus?
Hypoglycemia
Study Notes
Blood Pressure and Brain Function
- Fluctuations in blood pressure are likely due to atherosclerosis, which can lead to cerebrovascular disease and heart disease.
- For example, a decrease in blood pressure during induction and an increase during intubation can occur.
Raised Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
- Raised ICP can impede cerebral perfusion, leading to a vicious cycle of hypoperfusion, ischemia, and cerebral edema if left unchecked.
- Abnormal respiratory patterns, such as irregular, bradypnea, and apnea, can occur.
Causes of Raised ICP
- Traumatic brain injury
- Space-occupying lesions (e.g., tumor, abscess)
- Hemorrhage
- Venous thrombosis
- Infection (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis, abscess)
- Hydrocephalus
- Metabolic encephalopathy (e.g., hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypoglycemia, hepatic)
- Status epilepticus
Aggravating Factors
- Venous obstruction (e.g., from poor neck positioning, tube ties, etc.)
- Raised intrathoracic pressure
- Fiber-optic bronchoscopy, which increases ICP significantly but transiently
- Underlying hypertensive disease
- Hypoxia
- Hypercapnia
- Propofol
Hypertension
- Mild hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140-159 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of 90-99 mmHg.
This quiz covers the relationship between blood pressure and brain function, including the effects of fluctuations in blood pressure on cerebrovascular disease and heart disease, as well as the impact of raised intracranial pressure on cerebral perfusion.
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